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Giselle Rojas Period 3 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Giselle Rojas Period 3 Respiratory System
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes co2 from body cells
consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
removes particles from incoming air
regulates temperature
regulates water content of air
provides vocal sounds
regulates blood pH
helps sense of smell
UPPER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
NOSE
nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
NASAL CAVITY
hollow space posterior to the nose
divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone and cartilage
NASAL CONCHAE: scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
cilia helps trapped particles in the mucus
SINUSES
air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
reduce the weight of skull
serve as resonant chambers for voice
PHARYNX
space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
LOWER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
LARYNX
an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
transports air in and out of the trachea
helps keep particles from entering the trachea
houses the vocal cords
TRACHEA
cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into thoracic cavity
splits into right and left primary bronchi
wall is supported by 20 incomplete (c-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep airway open
BRONCHIAL TREE
consists of branched, mucous membrane-lines tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli
Pulmonary Bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea each leads to a lung
Secondary Bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Teritary Bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal Bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles, smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory Bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Alveolar Ducts: branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar Sacs: branch off alveolar ducts; consists of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli: consists of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood with the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary networks
LUNGS
soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphram and thoracic cage
a primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
LAYERS OF THE PLEURA
Visceral Pleura: inner layered; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal Pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
right lung is larger than left lung
RIGHT LUNG
has 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
LEFT LUNG
has 2 lobes: superior, and inferior
DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Causes/Risk Factors: asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, dust exposure
Symptoms: chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
Treatment: smoking cessation, medications, bronchodilators
TUBERCULOSIS
bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes/Risk Factors: contagious/inhaled, weakened immune system, care/live with TB patients
Symptoms: cough with thick mucous, weight loss/night sweats, fever/fatigue
Treatment: long term antibiotics, surgery, medication
PNEUMONIA
bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Causes/Risk Factors: bacterial infection, viral infection, exposure to infected individuals
Symptoms: fever, shortness of breath, chills
Treatment: over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
LUNG CANCER
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Causes/Risk Factors: smoking (90% of sacs), second hand smoke, asbestos exposure
Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in sputum
Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, surgical removal
SEASONAL FLU
4 more items...
MECHANISM OF INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
INSPIRATION
air moves from higher to lower pressure
Atmospheric Pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
when pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmosphere pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
1.) Diaphram contracts and moves downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity
2.) External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward
3.) Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the lungs
Maximal Inspiration (a deep breath): requires contraction of several other muscles to enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
EXPIRATION
NORMAL EXPIRATION
results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
1.) The diaphram and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
2.) As the diaphram recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphram upward
3.) As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
4.) Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
5.) Intra-alveolar pressures increases to about 1mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
6.) As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
FORCED EXPIRATION
allows for expiration of more air than normal
aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES
Respiratory Cycle : one inspiration followed by expiration
4 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
1.) Tidal Volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
2.) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
3.) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
4.) Residual Volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL
RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
1.) Inspiratory Capacity (IC): is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500 mL)
2.) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
3.) Vital Capacity (VC): is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600 mL)
4.) Total Lung Capacity (TLC): is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL)
ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE: is the volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that is not involved in gas exchange
INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
External Respiration: gas exchange between lungs amd blood
Internal Respiration: gas exchange between blood and blood cells