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Respiratory System Kaylen Manriquez Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System
Kaylen Manriquez
Period 5
Internal vs. external respiration
muscles of expiration
quiet breathing: expiration results from passive, elastic recoil of the lungs, dib cage and diaphragm
active breathing: - internal intercostals expect interchondral part -abdominals, pulls ribs down, compress abdominal contents thus pushing diaphragm up
muscles of inhalation
accessory: sternocleidmastoid (elevates sternum) -scalenes group (elevates upper ribs)
principal: external intercostals interchondral part of internal intercostals
-diaphragm, increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity, elevating lower ribs
external respiration: involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide across respiratory membranes
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
internal respiration:
involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
upper respiratory functions
provides a passage for air to be breathed in and out of the lungs, but it also heats, humidifies and filters the air and is involved in cough, swallowing and speech.
nasal cavity
divided by midline nasal septum
nasal vestibule: filter particles from air
nasal conchae:help enlace air turbulence, filter, moisten, heat air, mucosa covered projections
paranasal sinuses: form ring around nasal cavities, lighten skull secrete mucus
pharynx
The hollow tube inside the neck that starts
behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach)
/
base of skull to vertebra
oro: pasageway for food and air to epiglottis
larygn: extends to larynx with esophagus
naso: upper part of the throat behind the nose, air passage to nasal cavity, uvula closes while swallowing
nose
external portion of respiratory system that provides airway, moistens, warms and cleans air before breathing
external nose: root
nostrils: bounded laterally by ale
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
intrapulmonary pressure: pressure in alveoli, fluctuates breathing
transpulmonary pressure:pressure keeps lung spaces open
intrapleural pressure: pressure in pleural cavity, negative pressure
atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Respiratory volumes and capacities
residual volume: 1200ml: amount of air that always remains in lungs
inspiratory capcity 3600IC: sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume 2100-3200ml: amount of air that can be inspired forcibily beyond the tidal volume
functional residual 2400 FRC: sum of residual volume and expiratory volume
tidal volume 500: amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath (500ml)
vital 48000: tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory volume
total lung 6000; sum of all lung volumes
layers of pleurae
pleurae: thin, double layered serosal membrae that divides thoracic cavity into pleural compartments and mediastinum
parietal pleurae: membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm around heart and between lungs
visceral pleurae: membrane on external lung surface pleural fluid fills slitlike pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
disorders of respiratory system
COPD:chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, chronic bronchioles, emphysema and asthma
tuberculosis:bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by myobacterium tuberculosis
seasonal flu: viral infection: variations of virus changes rapidly year to year and severity of symptoms
pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of lungs
lung cancer:
uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs
major functions of the respiratory system
respiration process
external respiration:
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
transport of oxygen and co2 in blood
pulmonary ventilation(breathing)
movement of air into and out of lungs
internal respiration:
exchange of oxygen and co2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
supply body with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
lower respiratory functions
respiratory zone
: site of gas exchange, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
terminal bronchioles
feed into respiratory bronchioles, lead into alveolar ducts and into alveolar sacs: clusters of alveoli
respiratory membrane: blood air barrrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with basement membranes, allows gas exchange membrane by simple diffusion
conducting zone:
transports gas to and from gas exchange sites
bronchioles
: branches that become smaller and smaller
terminal bronchioles: even smaller bronchioles
layrnx
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. (voicebox)
voice procudtion, loosens vocal folds
routes air and food into proper channels
provides patent airway
epiglottis: the flap that closes during swallowing, covered in taste buds, vocal folds
voice production:
release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
glottis: opening between vocal folds: vibrate to produce sound
trachea
: The airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways that lead to the lungs).
submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands that produce mucus sheets with trachea
adventira: outermost layer of connective tissue
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
bronchi
:The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs. Enlarge.
lungs
: occupy all thoracic cavity except for mediastinum
left:oblique fissure, cardiac notch, concavity for heart to fit into, smaller, 2
right:horizontal fissure, oblique fissure, superior, middle and inferior lobes, 3
mechanisms of inspiration and expiration
expiration:gases exit the lungs
inspiration: gases flow into lungs
pulmonary ventilation
inspiration process: involving muscles(diaphragm) and extrenal intercostals)
mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity, volume leads to pressure changes
boyles law: relationship between pressure and volume of gas, if volume increases pressure drops, if pressure increases volume drops
breathing in: lungs expand, increase in thoracic volume, pressure drops
breathing out: lungs relax, decrease in thoracic volume and the diaphragm moves inferiorly, flattens out, pressure increases