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Xiomara Sanchez, Period 3, Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Xiomara Sanchez, Period 3, Respiratory System
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric
pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during
inspiration
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure
inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Muscles that expand the thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, enlarging the
thoracic cavity
External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward
and outward
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm
below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the
lungs
Expiration
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm recoils, abdominal organs spring back to original shape, which pushes the diaphragm upward
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decreases their volume
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
As a result, air rushes out of the lungs into the atmosphere
Respiratory volumes and capacities
There are 4 distinct respiratory volumes:
Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; verage is ~1,200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory capacities: combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes:
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital capacity (VC) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration
the gas exchange between lungs and blood
describes both the bulk flow of air into and out of the lungs and the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the bloodstream through diffusion.
Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane by rapid
diffusion
Internal respiration
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Internal respiration is also known as cellular respiration as it occurs inside the living cells.
Once CO2 and H2O enter the interstitial fluid (around the cells) as a consequence of cellular respiration, they diffuse into the plasma of the blood.
Major functions of the respiratory system
Oxygen is required by cells to break down nutrients, to release energy and produce ATP; carbon dioxide is a product of nutrient breakdown, which has to be excreted from the body
Respiratory system
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
Other functions of the respiratory system: removes particles from
incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air,
provides vocal sounds, regulates blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Supported by bone and cartilage
Nostrils contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
Nasal cavity
Hollow space posterior to the nose
Divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone & cartilage
Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air
Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of cilia, swallowed, and carried to the stomach, where gastric juice destroys microorganisms in the mucus
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity
Reduce the weight of the skull
Serve as resonant chambers for the voice
Pharynx (throat)
Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
Common passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities
Aids in producing sounds for speech
Aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and
inferior to the laryngopharynx
Transports air in and out of the trachea
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Houses the vocal cords
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by
elastic tissue
Trachea
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the
esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many
goblet cells
Goblet cells product mucus, that traps incoming particles
Cilia sweep mucus toward pharynx, where it is swallowed
Wall is supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous
rings that keep the airway open
Bronchial tree
Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways,
leading from the trachea o the microscopic air sacs of the
lungs, called alveoli
Primary bronchi: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch
directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Secondary bronchi: branches of the main bronchi; each enters
a lobe of a lung
Tertiary bronchi: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a
segment of a lung
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
Separated medially by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the
diaphragm and thoracic cage
Occupy most of thoracic cavity
A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Layers of the pleurae
A double-layered serous membrane
Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis emphysema, & asthma
Causes or Risk Factors
Tabacco smoke, Dust exposure, Genetics
Symptoms
Chronic Cough, Shortness of breath, & tight chest
Treatments
Medications, Oxygen therapy, & lung transplant
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tubercolosis
Cause or risk factors
Drug & alcohol abuse, weakened immune system, contagious inhaled
Syptoms
Fever & fatigue, tachycardla, chest pain
Treatment options
Long-term antibiotics, surgery, medication
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of lungs
Cause or Risk Factors
Bacterial infection, viral infection, aspiration
Symptoms
Fever, chills, & chest pain
Treatment Options
Antibiotics, oxygen therapy, & over the counter medication
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth development of tumors in the lungs
Cause or Risk Factors
Smoking (90% of cases), genetics, & air pollution
Symptoms
Chest pain, blood in sputum, & fatigue
Treatment Options
Radiation, chemotherapy, & surgical removal
Seasonal Flu
Vital Infection; they´re many variations of this virus & it changes rapidly year to year which changes severity of symptoms
Causes or Risk Factors
Age, occupation, living conditions
Symptoms
Dry cough, fatigue, headache
Treatment Options
Rest & hydration, antiviral medi, & early vaccination