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U16 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - In others, one of them is the only appropiate choice:
        "John’s school" BUT NOT: "?The school of John"
        "The back of the building" BUT NOT: *"The building’s back"
  - - - "the cover of the book", "the roof of the house"
        
        NOT parts of people/animals’ bodies
      - (& lower animals)
    - - Side, edge, end, etc.: "the top of the mountain", "the front of the house."
      - Expressions that refer to the spatial position of objects
    - - "a piece of cake", "a slice of bread"
      - Expressions that indicate a part of a whole
    - - "the kindness of my friend", "the intelligence of the student."
        
        Gen of Attribute?
    - - "a cup of coffee", "a bowl of soup.", "a bag of groceries", "a bottle of wine"
    - - "the poor of the city", "the elderly of the community."
  - - - a table leg, the door handle, car engine, camera lens, book cover, bicycle wheel
        Or: calf skin, a lamb chop (When the animal is killed to produce something)
    - - a lunchbox, a paint tin, a coffee cup, a rubbish bin, a pencil case, a tissue box, the laundry basket
    - - a silk dress, a stone bridge, a leather jacket, a paper bag, a plastic bottle, a diamond ring, a wooden table
    - - with a number before the first noun: a six pound chicken or a three mile walk
- - - - Pronunciation
        
        / s /: voiceless consonants other than sibilants (“The dentist’s tools”)
        
        / z /: voiced consonants/vowels other than sibilants (“Fred’s salary”)
        
        / iz /: sibilants (“A horse’s tail”, “The church’s readings”) - singular
        
        nouns ending in
      - Spelling/writing
        
        Singular ('s): boy's
        
        Plural ('): boys'
        
        Irregular plurals: do not have Zero genitive in their plural forms, as their plural form is not ended with –s (child's / children's)
      - Zero genitive
        
        A variant to the /iz/ genitive. Since the genitive adds nothing to a regular plural N in speech, and nothing except the final apostrophe in writing, this plural genitive is called Zero genitive
        
        Used to avoid repetitive or awkward combinations of sounds, with:
        
        Greek names ending in / z /: “Socrates’ wife”
        
        Many proper names ending in / z /: Jesus is normally Zero Gen in speech though written Jesus’(s)
        
        There is vacillation both in the pronunciation and in the spelling of these names, but most commonly the pronunciation is /iz/, and the spelling is an apostrophe only (‘). “Dickens’ novels” / ‘dikinziz /
        
        (' ) /-/
  - - - Possessive gen
        
        If the headword denotes an object, the genitive may denote its possessor
        
        My cousin’s car = My cousin has a car
        
        the main but not only use
      - Subject(ive) gen
        
        If the headword denotes an action, the
        genitive may denote the agent
        
        Her mother’s decision = My mother (agent) took a decision
        My cousin's advice/reaction/discovery/solution/creation
      - Object(ive) gen
        
        If the genitive indicates the object or receiver of the action.
        
        The family’s support = someone supports the family (Obj)
        My cousin's pain/joy/fear/beauty/love
      - Gen of Origin
        
        The genitive indicates an agent that originates or creates an action
        
        The girl’s story =The girl told (=originated) a story
        The author's novel, The scientist's theory/law/invention
      - Descriptive gen
        
        The genitive describes (or modifies) some characteristics of the Noun. It works more as a determiner than as a Noun.
        
        A summer’s day = A day which is very much like summer (hot, sunny …)
        A woman's intuition, A man's determination, A child's imagination
      - Gen of Measure
        
        The genitive quantifies the N
        
        Ten day’s absence = An absence of ten days
        A year's salary, An day's work, A week's vacation, A page's length, Ten mile's distance, A stone's weight
      - Gen of Attribute
        
        Can be replaced by an attributive sentence
        
        The victim’s courage = The victim [had courage / was courageous]
        My cousin's discipline/beauty/strength
      - Classes of Genitives in terms of meaning expressed
      - Partitive gen
        
        The thing owned is part of the possessor
        
        “The baby’s eyes”, My cousin's beard/muscles/hair, The dog's tail, The bird's wings,The tree's roots
      - When both the ‘s genitive & the of-genitive are grammatically possible, the decision sometimes depends on a matter of emphasis, since normally the end of the sentence is usually emphasized
      - Semantic roles?
    - - Animate Ns
        
        Proper names: “Shakespeare’s plays"
        
        Personal nouns: “My uncle’s jumper”
        
        Animal nouns: “The cat’s mouth”
        
        Collective nouns: “The United Nation’s Troops”
        (in the sense of organized individuals)
        
        (4)
      - Inanimate Ns
        
        Geographical names & Institutions:
        
        Continents: "Africa's future"
        
        Countries: "Spain's capital"
        
        States: New York's main city"
        
        Cities/towns: "Murcia's cathedral"
        
        Universities: "Oxford's courses"
        
        Institutions: "The Church's mission"
        
        Temporal nouns:
        
        "A three-month's job", "A moment's thought", "Today's newspaper", "A day's work"
        Nouns related/of relevance to human activity:
        
        "My heart's development", "My life's aim", "In freedom's name"
        
        (4)
  - - - Determiner
        
        Syntactically, it functions as a determiner (it refers to a particular person or thing), playing a similar role than the definite article "the" in relation to a NP, whenever it is a:
        
        Possessive Pronoun
        
        His book
        
        Single noun
        
        Mark's book
        
        Noun Phrase
        
        My uncle's book
        
        A NP embedded as a definite determiner within another NP. It is therefore equivalent to a PpP, in which "of" is followed by a NP complement: "The book of my uncle"
        
        N accompanied by modifiers
      - Modifier
        
        To refer to a person/animal in the sense of something that is “used by”.The genitive N denotes a class/kind to which the person/thing (denoted by the headword) belongs.
        
        “There are several women’s universities in Tokyo” (several universities for women).
        "Children's clothes", "Women's magazines"
        
        Although sometimes the s’ structure is ommitted and a N + N strcuture is preferred: baby clothes
        
        Classifying Adjs
        of the Descriptive Gen type
      - In Attributive position: It precedes a headword to which it is grammatically subordinate.
  - - - A 's genitive used without a headword, as it may be explicit or implicit in the context. The head of the NP is omitted because it occurs in the immediate context.
        
        My car is faster than John’s (= John’s car)
        Mary’s wasn’t the prettiest dress (=Mary’s dress)
      - /elliptical
    - - Residences
        
        Mary is staying at [my uncle’s / the Smiths’]
      - Institutions
        
        St. Paul’s (cathedral); St James’s (Palace), Queen’s (college)
        
        (with a proper name)
      - Businesses
        
        The barber’s, the hairdresser’s, the butcher’s,
      - Local
    - - An of-construction combined with a 's genitive, where the independent genitive acts as a Prepositional complement (of the head noun) after "of":
        Some friends of Jim’s [=some of Jim’s friends]
        
        With this construction we express indefiniteness whereas with the normal determinative genitive we express definiteness:
        
        “Ann’s book” (definiteness) -“A book of Ann’s” (indefiniteness)
        
        “Peter’s pupil” (definiteness) “A pupil of Peter’s” (indefiniteness)
      - /post-genitive
- - - - enjoy, boast, cherish, treasure, adore ...
    - - own, control, possess, claim, adquire, purchase ...
    - - (intellectual) know, understand, remember, believe ...
    - - borrow, lend, rent, hire ...
    - - lack, need, want, miss, lose ...
- - - - Belonging
        
        When we talk about the same type of thing that has just been mentioned, but we want to indicate that it belongs to sb:
        “I have got my house, he has got his (object).”
      - Comparison
        
        To contrast two things of the same type which belong to or are associated with different people:
        “My essay was much better than hers (comparison).”
  - - - Parts of the body
        
        “I broke my legs twice”, “He had her nails done yesterday.”
      - Items of cothing
        
        my jacket, our clothes
      - Personal belongings
        
        my keys