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Individual Differences - Coggle Diagram
Individual Differences
Obedience
Authoritarian Personality
value authority figures - are submissive to those above them and look down on those below them
locus of control
Internal
An internal locus of control means that an individual believes they are in control of their own actions. They feel responsibility for their own actions
- this makes them less likely to be obedient
External
An external locus of control means an individual believes that their actions and what happens to them is due to an external factor. They do not feel responsibility for their own actions
- this makes them more likely to be obedient
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Empathy
Having higher levels of empathy suggests a person would be less likely to be obedient when an instruction involved harming someone else
Burger found that while those with higher empathy levels protested more, they were no less obedient
Gender
Milgram
In a follow-up study using only women, he found the same 65% obedience, however noted that they experienced more anxiety during the procedure
In a study done in Australia:
- 16% obedience in women
- 40% obedience in men
Sherdian and King
When giving an electrical shock to a puppy:
- 100% obedience in women
- 54% obedience in men
Prejudice
Wetherell
In a replication of Tajfel's study, found that New Zealand Polynesian children favoured the out groups more than the in groups
Tajfel:
choose between two pictures, form in and out group, give/take points from in and out group
A person with an authoritarian personality is thought to be more hostile towards out groups as they see them as inferior
- a correlation is seen between this and levels of obedience
Authoritarian personality
value authority figures - are submissive to those above them and look down on those below them
Right Wing Authoritarianism develops through socialisation into believing the world is a dangerous place - this creates suspicion and distrust of those who do not share their values.
Chors found a correlation between RWA personality and levels of prejudice
Culture
Cultures can hold stereotypes of other cultures, encouraging prejudice
- cultures can be individualistic or collectivist, however there has been no link found between these and levels of prejudice
The Norm of Intolerance
Bladwin claims cultures are ethnocentric and competition caused by this leads to intolerance and prejudice
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The Norm of Fairness
Some cultures see fairness as more important as competition (e.g. Wetherell New Zealand Polynesians)