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Chemistry, Substances, Experimental Techniques, Kinetic Particle Theory,…
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Substances
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- Mixture
Two or more elements and/ compounds that are mixed together in variable
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- Compounds
two or more elements and/ or compounds that are mixed together in variable ratio
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Experimental Techniques
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COLLECTING GASES
Upward delivery
- soluble in water
- less dense than air
e.g. NH4
Displacement of water
- insoluble gas
e.g. CO2 , H2 , O2
Downward delivery
- soluble in water
- denser than air
e.g. HCl , Cl , SO2
DRYING GASES
Quick lime (calcium oxide)
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Concentrated sulfuric acid
Kinetic Particle Theory
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THREE STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
- Tightly packed
- Arranged in an orderly manner
- Can only vibrate about fixed position
- Fixed shape
- Fixed volume
- Not easily compressed ( no spaces between each particles)
- very strong forces of attraction
LIQUID
- Closely packed (not as tightly as in solid)
- No regular arrangement
- particles slide past each other
- No Fixed shape ( takes the shape of the container)
- Fixed volume
- Not easily compressed
- weaker forces of attraction
GASES
- Spaced far apart from each other
- particles move freely at high speeds
- No fixed shape
- takes on the shape of the container it is in
- no fixed volume
- easily compressed
- weaker forces of attraction
CHANGE OF STATE
SOLID -> LIQUID
Melting
Occurs at the melting point. Particles absorb heat and vibrate more vigorously allowing them to overcome the interparticle interactions holding them in fixed position
LIQUID -> SOLID
Freezing
Occurs at the melting point. Particles release heat and move more slowly. Interacts are formed and the particles are forces to be held in a fixed and orderly arrangement
LIQUID-> GAS
Boiling
Occurs at the boiling point. particles absorb heat and gain more kinetic energy. The particles move fast enough to completely overcome the forces of attraction
Evaporation
Occurs below the boiling point. Particles at the surface gain sufficient energy into the surroundings
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GAS -> LIQUID
Condensation
Occurs at the boiling point. Particles release heat and move more slowly. the forces of attraction are then able to hold the particles closely
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