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Defence - Coggle Diagram
Defence
Village Defence Guards
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) will provide arms training to village defence guards or VDGs in Jammu and Kashmir to counter any terror attack in their areas.
The Village Defence Committees (VDCs) were first set up in 1995
The idea to set up VDCs was rooted in the arming of ex-service personnel in 1965 and 1971 wars to check
Pakistani infiltration and espionage.
In 2020, the policy of Village Defence Committees was revamped and Village Defence Groups were introduced, members of whom are called Village Defence Guards (VDGs).
Unlike VDCs where only SPOs were paid, all VDGs are paid
In more vulnerable areas, the order stated that persons (VI category) who shall be leading/ coordinating the VDG would be paid ₹4,500 per month and other persons (V2 category) who are members of these VDGs on a voluntary basis will be paid a uniform rate of ₹4,000 per month.
One key reason for the formation of VDC in the 1990s was to resolve the insecurity among the minority
Hindus in J&K, who had already faced forced displacement earlier in 1990 from the Kashmir Valley due to terrorism
India’s first Centre of Excellence for Green Port & Shipping
India intends to increase the share of renewable energy to 60% of the total power demand of each of its major ports from a present share of less than 10%. This will be through solar and wind-generated power.
The ports have also aimed to reduce Carbon emissions per ton of cargo handled by 30% by 2030. The Maritime Vision Document 2030.
developing regulatory framework and alternate technology adoption roadmap for Green Shipping to foster carbon neutrality and circular economy (CE) in shipping sector in India.
India has been selected as the first country under the IMO Green Voyage 2050 project to conduct a pilot project related to Green Shipping.
The centre aims to develop a regulatory framework and alternate technology adoption road map for Green Shipping to foster carbon neutrality and circular economy (CE) in shipping sector in India.
Army observes 60th anniversary of battle of Rezang La in Ladakh
In 1962, the Charlie Company (C Company) of the 13th battalion of the Kumaon Regiment fought against the Chinese attack at the Rezang La Pass in Ladakh.
The C Company, led by Maj. Shaitan Singh, had 117 soldiers. Of these, 110 were martyred during this battle.
While the C Company, having three platoons stationed across a 2-km frontage, was well-entrenched and reasonably well-equipped, it did not have mines and the overhead shelter for the command posts was insufficient in sub-zero temperature.
Many of the Indian soldiers lost their lives to the freezing temperature during this battle
Rezang La
Rezang La, also known as Rechin La, is a mountain pass on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) between Indian-administered Ladakh and the Chinese administered Spanggur Lake basin, which is also claimed by India. It is situated on the eastern watershed ridge of the Chushul Valley that is being claimed by China.
This 16,000-foot-high feature is a narrow gap between the even higher mountains around the strategically significant Chushul village and the Spanggur Lake, which span across both the Indian and Chinese territories.
EXERCISES
IND-INDO CORPAT
The 38th India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (IND-INDO CORPAT) between the Indian Navy Units of Andaman & Nicobar Command (ANC) and Indonesian Navy in the Andaman Sea and visit by IN Units to Sabang (Indonesia)
As part of Government of India’s vision of SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region), Naval Component under the aegis of HQ ANC undertakes coordinated patrols with other littoral countries of the Andaman Sea along respective Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) towards enhancing regional maritime security
The two Navies have been carrying out CORPAT along their International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) since 2002. This has helped build understanding and interoperability between both the Navies and has facilitated measures to prevent and suppress Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing, drug trafficking, maritime terrorism, armed robbery and piracy, etc. The IND-INDO CORPAT contributes towards forging strong bonds of friendship across the Andaman Sea and Straits of Malacca
Khaan Quest 2022” exercise
Indian Army participates in a multinational exercise “Ex Khaan Quest 2022” where 16 other countries also took part in
Mongolia
Indian Army is represented by a contingent from the
LADAKH SCOUTS
Nomadic Elephants
is the another Military Exercise which is Conducted between the two Countries.
enhance the level of defence co-operation between Indian Army and participating countries especially with the Mongolian Armed Forces which will enhance bilateral relations between the two countries.
improve peacekeeping capabilities, strengthen military-to-military relationships and enhance
the core UN doctrine PKO competencies
enable sharing of best practices between the Armed Forces of participating nations
Sampriti-X exercise
India-Bangladesh bilateral defence cooperation, a joint military training exercise Ex SAMPRITI-X is being conducted at Jashore Military Station in Bangladesh
EX Bongosagar.
he third edition of Indian Navy (IN) – Bangladesh Navy (BN) Bilateral Exercise ‘Bongosagar’ commenced at Port Mongla, Bangladesh on 24 May 2022.
Exercise Bongosagar is aimed at developing a high degree of interoperability and joint operational skills through the conduct of a wide spectrum of maritime exercises and operations between the two navies.
“Ex VINBAX 2022”
The 3rd edition of Vietnam-India Bilateral Army Exercise “Ex VINBAX 2022” is conducted at Chandimandir, Haryana
The theme of Ex VINBAX 2022 is the “Employment and deployment of an Engineer Company and a Medical Team as part of United Nations Contingent for Peace Keeping Operations”
A Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief demonstration and equipment display will showcase India’s capacity to undertake rescue and relief operations during natural and manmade disasters utilising indigenous solutions
A Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX)
A Maritime Partnership Exercise (MPX) was conducted between Japan Maritime Self Defense Force and Indian Navy in the Andaman Sea.
Other Maritime Exercises between India & Japan:
Japan-India Maritime Exercise (JIMEX)
Malabar Exercise (India – US – Japan - Australia)
“Pitch Black 2022”
India will be part of the mega air combat exercise “Pitch Black 2022” among 17 nations, to be held in the Northern Territory of Australia.
Ex Pitch Black is a biennial multi-national large force employment warfare exercise, hosted by Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
This year’s participants include Australia, Canada, India, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, the UAE, the UK and the US
The objectives of the exercise is to foster a closer relationship between the participating forces and promote interoperability through the exchange of knowledge and experience.
‘AL NAJAH-IV’
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The exercises were aimed at enhancing interoperability and streamlining seamanship and communication procedures.
This exercise is part of the ongoing efforts between the two navies towards ensuring safe and secure international shipping and trade in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
The two countries have been carrying out regular exercises in IOR towards reinforcing maritime association.
The Indian contingent of company strength is being represented by a Battalion of the DOGRA Regiment.
Name of Exercise----------Country
Garuda Shakti------Indonesia
Ekuverin----Maldives
Hand-in-Hand----China
Kurukshetra-----Singapore
Mitra Shakti-----Sri Lanka
Nomadic Elephant-----Mongolia
Maitree Exercise-----India & Thailand
Vajra Prahar------India & US
Yudh Abhyas-----India & US
Shakti Exercise-----India & France
Dharma Guardian------India & Japan
Surya Kiran------India & Nepal
SIMBEX-----India & Singapore
Exercise LAMITYE------India & Seychelles
THEATRE LEVEL OPERATIONAL READINESS EXERCISE (TROPEX-23)
TROPEX 23 is being conducted over a duration of three months from Jan - Mar 23.
As part of the exercise, all surface combatants of the Indian Navy including Destroyers, Frigates, Corvettes as well as submarines and aircraft are put through complex maritime operational deployments to validate and refine the Navy’s Concept of Operations including operational logistics and interoperability with other Services.
The exercise is being conducted in different phases, both in harbour and at sea, encompassing various facets of combat operations, including live weapon firings.
The maritime exercise also facilitates operational level interaction with the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Coast Guard, which will further strengthen interoperability and joint operations in a complex environment
Indo-Egypt Joint Training Exercise Cyclone - I Commences in Rajasthan
The first ever joint exercise between the special forces of the Indian Army and the Egyptian Army named “Exercise
Cyclone-I” is in progress at Jaisalmer in Rajasthan since 14 January 2023.
The exercise is the first of its kind as it brings the special forces of the countries to a common platform
The joint exercise would provide an insight into the culture and ethos of both armies thereby fostering
military cooperation and interoperability to further strengthen the diplomatic relations between India and Egypt
21st edition of naval exercise 'Varuna' between India and France HELD in GOA
The bilateral exercise, which was initiated in 1993, was named ‘Varuna’ in 2001 and has become a defining eature of the India-France strategic bilateral relationship.
This edition of the exercise will see the participation of the Indian Navy’s indigenous guided missile stealth destroyer INS Chennai, guided missile frigate INS Teg, maritime patrol aircraft P-8I and Dornier, integral helicopters, and MiG29K fighter aircraft.
The French Navy will be represented by the aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle, frigates FS Forbin and Provence, support vessel FS Marne, and maritime patrol aircraft Atlantique.
Veer Guardian-2023
To promote Air Defence cooperation between the countries, India and Japan are all set to hold the joint Air Exercise,
'Veer Guardian-2023' in Japan
India's first female fighter pilot, Squadron Leader Avni Chaturvedi, will participate in the exercise, making her the first woman officer of the IAF to participate in an international wargame held outside the country.
The exercise will be held at Japan’s Hyakuri air base from January 12 to 26.
The Indian contingent participating in the exercise will include four Su-30 MKI, two C-17 and one IL-78 aircraft, while the JASDF will be participating with four F-2 and four F-15 aircraft.
'Veer Guardian' will fortify the long-standing bond of friendship and enhance the avenues of defence cooperation between the two Air Forces
Defence Minister increased funding for the DRDO’s TDF scheme to Rs 50 crore
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said in her budget 2022 address that
25% of the defence R&D budget will be allocated to private business, startups, and universities
.
According to the scheme’s provisions, the financial assistance is delivered in the form of
grants-in-aid
to the industry.
Projects with a cost of up to Rs 50 crore
will now be evaluated for funding, but
only up to 90% of the total project cost
would be funded.
Union Defence Minister and DAC approves to buy Military Equipment worth Rs 76,390 crores
The meeting decided to procure Rough Terrain Fork Lift Trucks (RTFLTs), Bridge Laying Tanks (BLTs), Wheeled Armoured Fighting Vehicles (Wh AFVs) with Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs), and Weapon Locating Radars (WLRs) through domestic sources with emphasis on indigenous design and development, for the Indian Army.
For The Indian Navy, the procurement of Next Generation Corvettes (NGC) is approved with an estimated cost of ₹36,000 crores. This includes weapons like surveillance missions, escort operations, deterrence, Surface Action Group (SAG) operations, Search and Attack and Coastal Defence.
These NGCs will be built, based on the new in-house design of the Indian Navy.
IAF heritage centre to come up in Chandigarh
The ‘IAF Heritage Centre’ will be set up jointly by the force and the Chandigarh administration
This heritage centre will have artefact, simulators and interactive boards to highlight various facets of IAF. It will also showcase the vital role played by the service in various wars and assistance rendered for humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
Defence Ministry signs Rs 2,971-crore deal for indigenous Astra Beyond Visual Range missiles
ASTRA
Astra has a range of over 100 km with modern guidance and navigation techniques and has midcourse guidance and RF seeker based terminal guidance to achieve target destruction with pinpoint accuracy, as the DRDO had stated earlier.
Air to Air missile with BVR capability provides large standoff ranges to fighter aircraft which can neutralise the adversary aircraft without exposing themselves to adversary air defence measures, thereby gaining and sustaining superiority of the air space.
A longer range and more sophisticated Astra-Mk2 is under development by DRDO and once it is inducted will free up the dependency on imports in the BVR segment
The missile, for which successful trials have already been undertaken by the IAF, is fully integrated on the Su-30 MK-I fighter aircraft and will be integrated with other fighter aircraft in a phased manner, including the Light Combat Aircraft
26-year-old Abhilasha Barak becomes the Indian Army’s first woman combat aviator.
She has been assigned to the second flight of the 2072 Army Aviation Squadron. She was commissioned into the Indian Army from the Officers Training Academy, Chennai in 2018
Haryana’s Captain Abhilasha Barak has become the first woman officer to join the Army Aviation Corps as a combat aviator after successfully completing her training. She was awarded the coveted wings along with 36 other army pilots by the DG and Colonel Commandant of Army Aviation in Nashik.
IAF ranks third on World Air Power Index
In 2022, the world directory of modern military Aircraft (WDMMA) published the Global Air Power Rankings. In this report, the Indian Air Force is placed in third place, above the Chinese Air force, or People’s Libertarian Army Air Force(PLAAF), the French Air and Space Power, and the Israeli Aviation Based Armed Forces.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) ranks third on World Air Power Index in terms of Fighting strength of different air force services of different countries.
Artificial Intelligence-based Change Detection Software
The Directorate General Defence Estates (DGDE) has developed a Artificial Intelligence-based Change Detection Software that can automatically detect unauthorised constructions & encroachments on the defence land using Satellite Imagery, demonstrating once again how technology has benefited the country’s defense-related issues
For efficient land management and urban planning, the Institute makes use of the most recent surveying technology, including satellite photography, drone imaging, and geospatial tools.
The Directorate General of Defence Estates established the Centre of Excellence on Satellite & Unmanned Remote Vehicle Initiative (CoE-SURVEI) at the National Institute of Defence Estates Management at Meerut Cantonment in Uttar Pradesh. CoE-SURVEI is responsible for developing AI-based software.
The change detection programme has been created by the CoE-SURVEI in collaboration with knowledge partner Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).
Currently, the software employs trained software and Cartosat-3 imagery from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC).
By analysing satellite imagery from various time periods, the alterations are found.
Tools for analysing unoccupied land and 3D imagery analysis of hill cantonments have also been created by the Centre of Excellence on Satellite & Unmanned Remote Vehicle Initiative for land management.
It is attempting to assure the best possible use of defence land by utilising Geographic Information System (GIS)-based land management technologies.
Suraksha Manthan-2022
The Desert Corps of the Indian Army organised the “Suraksha Manthan 2022”, on aspects of Border & Coastal Security at Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
A joint training calendar was also formulated to achieve a higher degree of interoperability and jointness amongst the security forces
Pay Roll Automation for Disbursement of Monthly Allowances (PADMA),
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WEAPONS
Nuclear- capable Agni-4 ballistic missile.
India has successfully executed a nuclear- capable Agni-4 ballistic missile from APJ Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha
The missile has the range of around 4,000 kilometres Developed by DRDO
Earlier, India successfully test-fired an extended range version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile from a Sukhoi fighter jet. It was the first launch of the extended range version of the BrahMos missile from a Su-30MKI aircraft.
AGNI
Agni-I MRBM: surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile
Agni-II MRBM: surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile
Agni-III IRBM: surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile
Agni-IV IRBM: surface-to-surface intermediate-range ballistic missile
Agni-V ICBM: surface-to-surface intercontinental ballistic missile
Agni-VI: Four-stage Intercontinental ballistic missile
The successful test reaffirms India's policy of having a 'Credible Minimum Deterrence' Capability.
The successful test was carried out under the aegis of the Strategic Forces Command.The Strategic Forces Command is operationally responsible for all of India’s nuclear assets.
IGMDP
IGMDP was the brainchild of renowned scientist Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
It was intended to attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology.
After keeping in mind, the requirements of various types of missiles by the defense forces, the program recognized the need to develop five missile systems.
The IGMDP formally got the approval of the Indian government in 1983.
It brought together the country’s scientific community, academic institutions, R&D laboratories, industries and the three defence services in giving shape to the strategic, indigenous missile systems.
Indian Navy survey vessel ‘INS Nirdeshak’
INS Gomati decommissioned at Naval Dockyard in Mumbai
INS Gomati derives her name from the vibrant river Gomti and was commissioned on 16 April 1988 by then Defence Minister, KC Pant, at Mazgaon Dock Ltd, Bombay
The third ship of the Godavari class guided-missile frigates, INS Gomati was also the oldest warrior of the western fleet when decommissioned.
INS Gomati participated in numerous operations including Cactus, Parakram and Rainbow, and several bilateral and multinational naval exercises.
The third ship of the Godavari class guided-missile frigates, INS Gomati was also the oldest warrior of the western fleet when decommissioned..
ALH Squadron INAS 324.
Indian Naval Air Squadron 324 (INAS 324) was commissioned into the Indian Navy at INS Dega in Visakhapatnam.
The squadron is the first naval squadron on the eastern seaboard to use helicopters that were designed and constructed domestically, the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) MK III (MR)
ABOUT
The INAS 324 squadron is known as “Kestrels,” after a bird species with good sensory qualities. This name represents the role that the aircraft and the air squadron are intended to play.
The Maritime Reconnaissance (MR) and Search and Rescue (SAR) roles of the squadron are represented by a “Kestrel” searching over wide blue oceans and white sea waves in the symbol of the squadron.
Modern surveillance radar and electro-optical sensors are among the state-of-the-art equipment that ALH MK III helicopters are equipped with.
Since these helicopters were created and produced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, their introduction is a component of Atma Nirbhar Bharat’s plan (HAL).
These helicopters can be used for special operations with the Marine Commandos (Marcos) as well as Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) operations in addition to their primary MR and SAR roles.
Abhyas high-speed expendable aerial target (HEAT)
The Defence Research and Development Organization’s (DRDO) Abhyas high-speed expendable aerial target (HEAT), which was created as a target for the testing of missile systems, underwent a successful flight testing from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), off the coast of Odisha.
According to a DRDO scientist, the Abhyas system has radar cross-section (RCS) and infrared signatures that may be utilised to simulate a variety of aircraft for anti-aircraft warfare training as well as for testing intended to hit aerial targets.
features
It has a modest gas turbine engine that enables it to fly for an extended period of time at a fast subsonic speed.
The target aircraft has an inertial navigation system based on micro-electromechanical systems as well as a flight control computer for guiding and control.
The system has a built-in radio altimeter for very low altitude flight and a data link for secure communication between the target aircraft and the ground control station
VL-SRSAM missile test
Off the coast of Chandipur, in the state of Odisha, India successfully tested the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)
A ship-borne weapon system called VL-SRSAM is designed to eliminate close-range aerial threats such targets that skim the surface of the sea.
A high-speed aerial target resembling an aeroplane was launched with the system, and it was effectively engaged.
840 Squadron
In the Indian Coast Guard, a new air squadron known as 840 Squadron was established in Chennai, with an Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Mark-III aircraft as its first aircraft.
According to the Coast Guard, three more ALH aircraft will be added to the new Squadron’s inventory in the near future.
Modern radars are used to detect beyond the visual range of the aircraft.
It is armed with a mounted Heavy Machine Gun for target neutralisation operations.
The ALH is an indigenous aircraft built by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited as part of the government’s ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative.
Prithvi-II Ballistic Missile
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Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) created and developed the HAL Dhruv utility helicopter (HAL).
HAL Dhruv’s development was confirmed in November 1984.
The helicopter initially flew in 1992, although it took longer to build due to a number of issues, including the Indian Army’s request for design improvements, funding constraints, and sanctions imposed on India after the 1998 Pokhran-II nuclear tests.
The ALH MK- III is powered by two Shakti engines and is equipped with surveillance radar, electro optic pod, medical urgent care unit, high-intensity searchlight, infrared suppressor, heavy machine gun, and glass cockpit
Nirdeshak, the second of the four Survey Vessels (Large) (SVL) projects being built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) in collaboration with L&T shipbuilding for the Indian Navy was launched, at Kattupalli, Chennai
The ship has taken its name from erstwhile Nirdeshak which was also an Indian Naval Survey ship and was decommissioned after 32 years of glorious service in December 2014..
This model of Public-Private Partnership shall be a harbinger of future successful collaboration for Warship construction in India. The contract for building four SVL ships was signed between MoD and GRSE, Kolkata on October 30, 2018
The first of class ship ‘Sandhayak’ was launched in December 2021 at GRSE, Kolkata.
INS Vikrant.
The indigenous aircraft carrier Vikrant, which was created by the Navy’s own Directorate of Naval Design and will likely be commissioned on Independence Day, was delivered to the Navy by the Cochin Shipyard.
It bears the name of the Indian Naval Ship (INS) Vikrant, India’s first aircraft carrier, which was an important participant in the war of 1971.
The 262-meter-long carrier is significantly larger and more modern than her predecessor, with a full displacement of around 45,000 tonnes.
The aircraft carrier has a top speed of 28 knots and is propelled by four gas turbines with a combined 88 MW of power
The aircraft carrier, which has a total indigenous content of 76%, is a prime illustration of the pursuit of Aatma Nirbhar Bharat and gives the government’s Make in India initiative a boost, according to the Navy.
With the delivery of Vikrant, India has joined a small group of countries with the specialised capacity to design and construct an aircraft carrier domestically.
Vikrant was developed to support a variety of fixed-wing and rotary aircraft and features a high level of automation for ship navigation, machinery operation, and survivability.
The ship would be able to fly a 30 aircraft air wing, including indigenously produced advanced light helicopters and light combat aircraft, Kamov-31, MH-60R multi-role helicopters, MIG-29K fighter planes, and light combat aircraft.
The aircraft carrier is outfitted with a ski-jump for launching aircraft and a set of arrester wires for their recovery onboard, both of which are used in the innovative aircraft-operation mode known as STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested Landing)
The first indigenous warship INS Ajay in 1960, to the first indigenous frigate INS Nilgiri in 1968, the commissioning of the first indigenously designed and built aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, is a significant punctuation in India’s pursuit of self-reliance
Vikrant (which means courageous) is named after India's first aircraft carrier, bought from the UK and commissioned in 1961.decommissioned in 1997.
With the commissioning of INS Vikrant, India will have two operational aircraft carriers ( the other one is INS Vikramaditya) , which will bolster the maritime security of the nation.
DRDO’s Fuel Cell-based Air Independent Propulsion system
In a major boost to ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’, Fuel Cell-based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system of DRDO’s Naval
Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) will soon be fitted onboard INS Kalvari.
The AIP has a force multiplier effect on lethality of a diesel electric submarine as it enhances the submerged endurance by several folds.
It has merits in performance compared to other technologies and is unique as the hydrogen is generated onboard.
AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
This technology has been successfully developed by NMRL with the support of Indian industry partners.
The land-based prototype of the NMRL’s AIP has been tested successfully.
AK 203
These rifles are a type of Kalashnikov rifles, which can work under extreme climatic conditions .AK-203 assault rifle is considered to be the latest and most advanced version of the AK-47 rifle.
Itis a 7.62×39mm variant from the AK-100 rifle family (one that offers the AK-74M system, in multiple cartridges and lengths).
This variant is expected to replace the Indian Small Arms System (INSAS) 5.56×45 mm assault rifle, that are presently being used by Army, Navy and the Air Force besides other security forces.
INSAS rifles are not suitable for use at high altitude. Several other issues with these rifles include gun jamming, oil leakage etc.
This variant is an advanced version of AK-47 and its magazine can hold 30 bullets.
Unlike the INSAS rifles, these rifles never get jammed as these belong to AK series.
effective even in sand, soil and water.
VSHORAD Missile Systems
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) to procure the Very Short Range Air
Defence System or VSHORAD (IR Homing) missile system, designed and developed by the (DRDO), for the Army and Navy
Meant to kill low altitude aerial threats at short ranges, VSHORADS is a man portable Air Defence System
(MANPAD) designed and developed indigenously by DRDO’s Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, in collaboration with other DRDO laboratories and Indian Industry Partners.
The missile is propelled by a dual thrust solid motor—incorporates many novel technologies including
miniaturised Reaction Control System (RCS) and integrated avionics.
These are short-range, lightweight and portable surface-to-air missiles that can be fired by individuals or
small groups to destroy aircraft or helicopters
They are having a maximum range of 8 kilometres and can engage targets at altitudes of 4.5 km