Respiratory System
Alissa Tagle
Period 3
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal Respiration: gas exchange between blood and body cells
External Respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Disorders of the respiratory system
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Layers of the pleurae
Major functions of the respiratory system
Volumes
Capacities(combo of 2 or more volumes)
Visceral Pleurae: inner layer; covers surface of lungs
Parietal Pleura: Outer layer; lines thoracic cavity
Serous fluid lubricates between layers
Nasal Cavity
Sinuses
Nose
Pharynx(throat)
Trachea(wind pipe)
Bronchial Tree
Larynx
Lungs
Inspiration
Expiration
external intercostal muscles: Muscles that expand thoracic cavity for normal respiration
*external intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward
*Diaphragm is the prime muscles for breathing
Normal respiration
Forced expiration
Diaphragm: contracts and moves downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity
Maximal inspiration(deep breath): requires contraction of several other muscles (Pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes)
*Surface tension causes lungs to expand with thoracic cavity
Alveolar collapse=surface tension in alveoli
Surfactant (llippoprotien mix) keeps avelio from inflated
As volume of air in lungs increases, pressure decreses (2mm)
As volume of air in the lungs decreases, pressure increases (1mm0
Atmospheric pressure: 760 mm Hg
*muscle contraction causes pressure in lungs to fall 2 mm below atmospheric pressure= air rushes into lungs
As diaphragm relaxes, organs go back into original shape
Increased surface tension in aveloi decreases air volume
Results in passive process of elastic recoil of muscles and lung tissues, from surface tension within aveloi
Intra-aveolar pressure increases to abt 1mm Hg above atmosphere pressure= air rushes out of lungs
aided by intercostal muscles & abdominal wall which compress rib cage and abdominal wall
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is~3000mL
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond tidal volume; average is ~1200 mL
Tidal Volume (TV): Volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Residual Volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1200 mL; cannot be measured with a spirometer
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a resting expiration; RV + ERV
Vital Capacity (VC): is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV +IRV + ERV (~4600mL)
Inspiratory capacity (IC): is volume of air that can be inhaled after normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3500mL)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is a total volume of air in the lungs (VC + RV)
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
COPD
Lung Cancer
Seasonal Flu
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disorder; includes chronic bronchitis,emphysema, & asthema
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs
A viral infection; many variations of virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
obtains oxygen from atmosphere and removes CO2 from body cells
consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, transport it into gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that exchange gasses
removes particles from
regulates temp and water content of air
provides vocal sounds
regulates blood pH
helps sense of smell
nostrils provide openings for entrance & exit of air
supported by bone and cartilage
hollow space posterior to nose
divided medially by nasal septum, consist of bone and cartilage
Nasal Conchae are scroll- shaped bones that divide nasal cavity into passageways
Conchae support mucus membranes and increase surface area to warm, moisterize, and filter incoming air
Paranal sinuses: air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, & sphenoid bones
sinuses open into nasal cavity
lined with mucus that is continuous with lining the nasal cavity
reduces weight of skull
serves as resonate chambers for voice
space behind oral and nasal cavities & larynx
common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
aids in producing sounds for speech
3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
an enlargement in the airway to the superior trachea and inferior to laryngopharynx
transports air in & out of thrachea
helps keep particles from entering trachea
houses vocal cords
composed of framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
larger cartulages of larynx: Thyroid cartilage(adam's appple)
splits into right and left primary bronchi
inner wall lined with ciliate mucus membranes with many goblet cells
cylindrical tube that extends downward to esophagus & into thoracic cavity
goblet cells= produce mucus cilia= sweeps mucus toward pharynx
wall supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep airway open
Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli
Primary Branch: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off trachea; each leads to a lung
Secondary Branch: branches of the main bronchi each enters a lobe of a lung
Tertiary Branch: branches of the lobar bronchi each enters a segment of lung
Bronchioles: smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental branch
Terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange; meets aveoli
Respiratory Bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can preform gas exchange
Alveolar ducts: branch of respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs: branch of alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli: consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between air and blood
consists of 2 pairs of vocal folds
during breathing, vocal cords relax and glottis is open
air forced through glotis vibrates to produce sound
Glottis: true vocal cords & opening between them
chaging tension controls pitch
loudness depends of force of air moving through voca cords
flap like epiglottis can cover the opening of glottis, activated while swallowing; prevents food from going into larynx
soft, spongy, cone shaped organs
seperated medially by mediastinum, & enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage
occupies most of thoracic cavity
primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on medial surface
Right lung is larger than left lung
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) Left only has 2 (superior and inferior)
Each lung contains air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & connective tissues