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Evelyn Santiago P2 - Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Evelyn Santiago P2 - Respiratory System
Major functions
supply body w/ O2 for cell-respiration
dispose of CO2, waste product from cell-repsiration
olfaction & speech
Layers of Pleurae
pleurae : thin 2-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity
parietal pleura : membrane on thoracic wall
visceral pleura : membrane on external lung surface
pleural fluid : fills slitlike pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
Vol. & Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
pressure in alveoli
fluctuates w/ breathing
equalizes with Patm
Transpulmonary pressure
Ppul - Pip
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
pressure in pleural cavity
fluctuates with breathing
always a negative (<Patm & <Ppul)
Respiration
External
involves exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes :
Partial pressure gradients & gas solubilities
sleep partial pressure gradient for )2 exists between blood and lungs
Venous : 40 mm Hg
Alveolar =104 mm Hg
Internal : involves capillary gas exchange bin body tissues
Disorders & Diseases
Tonsillitis
infected and swollen tonsils = bad functioning
laryngitis : inflammation of the vocal folds
Pleurisy
Atelectasis
lungs collapse due to
pneumothorax air in pleural cavity
Respiratory Volumes
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) : amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from lungs (1000 - 1200 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
Tidal Volume (TV) : amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath (~500 ml)
Residual volume (RV) : amount of air that always remains in lungs (needed to keep alveoli open)
Upper Respiratory Structures & Functions
Nose (external portion)
Functions
provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air
filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chamber
houses olfactory receptors
External nose
root (between brows)
bridge
dorsum nasi
apex (tip of nose)
nostrils (nares) : bounded laterally by alae
nasal cavity (w/in post to ext. nose)
divided by midline nasal septum
ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucous
nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
lined w/ vibrissae
nasal conchae
Function : filter, heat, and moisten air
shape
increase mucosal area
enhance air turbulence
paranasal sinuses (ring around nasal cavities)
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxillary bones
functions
lighten skull
secrete mucus
help to warm and moisten air
pharynx
oropharynx
passageway for food and air
palatine tonsils - lateral walls of fauces
lingual tonsil - located on posterior surface of tongue
laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air
nasopharynx
air passageway (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
soft palate & uvula
pharyngeal tonsils
Lower Respiratory Structures & Functions
larynx (voice box)
Functions
provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production
consist of 9 hyaline cartilages
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
pair arytenoid cartilages
paired cuneiform cartilage
paired corniculate cartilages
epiglottis
elastic cartilage
trachea (windpipe)
wall
mucosa
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
submucosa
connective tissue w/ seromucous glands
adventitia
outermost layer made of connective
carina
2 main bronchi
bronchi & branches
Conducting zones
trachea
right & left primary branch
into lobar bronchi (3 R & 2 L)
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles <1 mm -> terminal bronchioles <.05
Respiratory zone
terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs (saccules)
lungs & alveoli (lungs occupy all of thoracic cavity except mediastinum)
root : site of vascular & bronchial attachment to mediastinum
costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surface
apex : superior tip, deep to clavicle
base : inferior surface that rests on diaphragm.
hilum : found on mediastinal surface.
left lung - superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than right
right lung - superior, middle, inferior lobes
superior and middle lobes separated by horizontal fissure
diaphragm
Mechanism of Inspiration & Expiration
Inspiration
1) inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)
2) thoracic cavity volume increases
3) lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
4) intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1 mm Hg)
5) air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
Expiration
1) inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises; rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
2) thoracic cavity volume decreases.
3) elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
4) intrapulmonary pressure rises (to +1 mm Hg)
5) air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0.
Respiratory Capacities (combo of 2+ respiratory volumes)
Vital capacity (VC) : sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC) : sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV +ERV + RV)
Functional residual capacity (FRC) : sum of RV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC) : sum of TV + IRV