Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
What are the optimum operating conditions for enzymes? - Coggle Diagram
What are the
optimum operating conditions
for
enzymes
?
type of enzymes
Oxidoreductases
catalyze electron transfer from one molecule to another
Transferases
transfers chemical group from one molecule to another
Hydrolases
catalyze bond cleavages by reaction with water resulting in the division of a larger molecule into smaller molecules
Lyases
catalyze the breakdown of chemical bonds through methods other than hydrolysis or oxidation
Isomerases
catalyze reactions involving a structural rearrangement of a molecule
present in the metabolism and genome of most living organisms
Ligases
catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond
where can enzymes be found
digestive system
mouth - salivary glands
amylase
stomach
protease
pancrease
lipase, protease, pancreatic amylase
enzyme rich foods e.g. pineapples papayas
enzyme supplements
enzyme laundry detergent
Type of reactions
gas production
can be observed
digestion of a solid
can be observed
digestion of a liquid
can be observed
colour change
can be observed
Conditions -
what could affect enzyme activity?
concentration of
substrate
higher concentration of substrate increases the rate of reaction as the available enzymes would be working at their maximum rate
enzyme
speeds up reactions until substrate amount Is limited
pH
higher or lower in acid or alkaline can interfere enzyme structure
temperature
proteins can be denatured at certain temperatures leading to change of shape of enzymes, can no longer bind with substrate. All reactions are faster at a higher temperature. However, enzyme-catalyzed reactions become slower or stop if the temperature becomes too high. The optimum temperature is usually around body temperature (37°C).
amount of energy
more heat = more kinetic energy (however see 'temperature')
surface area of enzymes and substrate
inhibitors
competitive
competes for active site so the substrate could not bind with the enzyme
noncompetitive
alters the structure of enzyme as it binds to the other parts of the enzyme so the active site is no longer functional
salinity
changes salt concentration, adds or removes cations & anions, disrupts bonds, disrupts 3D shape, denatures protein
chosen
dependent enzyme to test on
Catalase
is a common enzyme found in most living organisms. Catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
independent condition for the test
temperature
of 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, since temperature Is one of the factors that affect the rate of reaction, and the chosen dependent enzyme, catalase, acts on hydrogen peroxide.
37ºC Is our body's temperature therefore the different temperatures range from here. Collecting data from 5 samples, the
temperature of 0.5% hydrogen peroxide would be 10ºC, 30ºC, 50ºC, 70ºC, and 90ºC.
Water should not boil for safety reasons.
methods
using paper discs soaked in 0.05% catalase solution put into different temperatures of 0.5% hydrogen peroxide. The
reaction rate is then timed from the time the disc reaches the bottom to when the discs float to the surface.
equipments / materials
water bath
should be used to hold the samples at a constant temperature
catalase solution 5mL concentration 0.05% for paper discs to soak
0.5% hydrogen peroxide at temperature 10ºC, 30ºC, 50ºC, 70ºC, and 90ºC as 5 samples (independent variable)
hole puncher for making paper discs
tweezers to transfer paper discs from catalase solution to hydrogen peroxide
measuring cylinder to measure 10mL of hydrogen peroxide Into each tube
6 tubes, one for controlled, other 5 for the samples
stopwatch to time
sharpie to mark each sample correspondingly
beaker to hold catalase solution
goggles, gloves, aprons, and hair-tie for long hair
testing technique
testing for catalase enzyme by
detecting the oxygen gas produced
aim: to Investigate the optimum operating conditions for enzymes
by testing the rate of reaction of catalase at different temperatures of hydrogen peroxide
uncontrolled
the environment - temperature fluctuations can affect the experiment as temperature Is one of the factors that affect the rate of reaction, therefore a water bath should be used to control the temperature of the samples
Contamination - contamination can occur and affect the experiment,