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What are the optimum operating conditions for enzymes? - Coggle Diagram
What are the
optimum operating conditions
for
enzymes
?
TYPES OF ENZYMES
Oxidoreductases
Oxidoreductases enzymes catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions.
Oxidation meaning: a reaction in which loss of the electrons occurs
Transferases
Enzymes move a fucntional group from one molecule to the other.
Hydrolases
Enzymes catalyze hydrolysis reactions
Hydrolysis meaning: A reaction in which a molecule breakdown when it reacts with water
Lyases
Enzymes catalyze reactions in which a molecule breaks to form two different molecules without reacting with water
Isomerases
Enxymes catalyze reaction in which a molecule is converted into its isomer.
Isomer meaning: molecules with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms
Ligases
Enzymes catalyze reactions in which two molecules join to form one molecule
Enzymes are split into six catergories depending on the type of reaction catalyzed.
Optimum conditions
Substrates
Enzymes work best when there is a high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse. If too little substrate is available the rate of the reaction is slowed and cannot increase any further.
Temperature
Enzymes are affected by temperature. If the temperature is too cold the enzymes move around too slowly to meet the substrate and for a reaction to occur. As the temperature increases though, so does the rate of reaction. This is because heat energy causes more collisions between the enzyme and the substrate. However, all enzymes are proteins and at too high temperatures the proteins break down. The active site of the enzyme becomes distorted and so the substrate no longer fits and the reaction does not occur.
PH
The pH must be correct for each enzyme to work at its best. Different enzymes work best at different pH values. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on its site of action. For example, enzymes in the stomach have an optimum pH of about 2 because the stomach is acidic, but intestinal enzymes have an optimum pH of about 7.5. If conditions are too alkaline or acidic for that particular enzyme then its activity is affected. This occurs because the enzyme’s shape, especially the active site, is changed so can no longer bind to the substrate molecule.