Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Natalie Valdivia Period: 3 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Natalie Valdivia
Period: 3
Respiratory System
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal cavity
Description:
Hallow space behind nose
Function:
Conducts air to pharynx; mucous lining filters,
warms, and moistens incoming air
Sinuses
Description:
Hollow spaces in certain skull bones
Function:
Reduce weight of skull; serve as resonant
chambers
Nose
Description:
Part of face centered above mouth, in
and below space between eyes
Function:
Nostrils provide entrance to nasal cavity; internal
hairs begin to filter incoming air
Pharynx
Description:
Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral
cavity, and larynx
Function:
Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to
esophagus
Major functions of the respiratory system
Ventilation or breathing
is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration
is gas exchange between lungs and blood
Cellular respiration
is oxygen used by the cells, and the production of carbon dioxide
Gas transport
in blood between the lungs and body cells
Mucous membranes
of bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify incoming air
Internal respiration:
gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura:
outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid
lubricates the
pleural cavity
between the 2 layers
Visceral pleura:
inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane
Other
Right lung is larger than left lung
Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior),
Left lung has 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea
Description:
Flexible tube that connects larynx with
bronchial tree
Function:
Passageway for air; mucous lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Bronchial tree
Description:
Branched tubes that lead from trachea
to alveoli
Function:
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli; mucous lining continues to filter incoming air
Larynx
Description:
Enlargement at top of trachea
Function:
Passageway for air; prevents foreign objects from entering trachea; houses vocal cords
Lungs
Description:
Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity
Function:
Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Causes or Risk Factors:
-Bacterial infection
-Exposure to infected individuals
-Impaired immune system
Symptoms:
-Fever
-Shortness of breath
-Chest pain
Treatment Options:
-Over the counter medications
-Antibiotics
-Oxygen therapy
Description
: Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Lung Cancer
Causes or Risk Factors:
-Air pollution
-Genetics
-Radon gas
Symptoms:
Occural laterstage
-Chest pain
-Weight loss
-Fatigue
Treatment Options:
-Radiation
-Chemotherapy
-Targeted therapy
Description
: Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Tuberculosis
Causes or Risk Factors:
-Contagious inhaled
-Drug & alcohol abuse
-Care/ live with TB patients
Symptoms:
-Fever & Fatigue
-Tachycardia
-Chest pain
Treatment Options:
-Long-term antibiotics
-Surgery
-Medications
Description
: Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobaterium tuberculosis
Seasonal Flu
Causes or Risk Factors:
-Inhaled respiratory droplets
-Living conditions
-Age
Symptoms:
-Dry cough
-Fatigue
-Congestion
Description
: A viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year which changes the sercrity of symptoms
Treatment Options:
-Early vaccination
-Over the counter medications
-Rest and hydration
COPD
Causes or Risk Factors:
-Genetic
-Air pollution
-Tabacco smoke
Symptoms:
-Chronic cough
-Wheezing
-Lung damage
Description:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
Treatment Options:
-Medication
-Lung transplant
-Oxygen therapy
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Muscle contraction results in pressure in lungs falling to 2 mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into the lungs
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship)
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal Respiration:
Is the gas exchange between the blood and body cells
External Respiration:
Is the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL (volume)
Tidal volume (TV):
volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL (volume)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL (volume)
Residual volume (RV):
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL (volume); cannot be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
in volume
Vital capacity (VC
) is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
in volume
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
in volume
Total lung capacity (TLC)
is total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL)
in volume
; varies with age, gender, body size
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration:
Lungs will decrease below atmospheric pressure and the air will flow from the atmosphere
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
Maximal inspiration is a deep breath
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Inspiration is inhalation
Expiration:
Forced expiration
Allows for expiration of more air than normal
Aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Normal expiration
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward
Expiration is exhalation