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Damian P.3 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Damian
P.3
Respiratory System
Major Function of the Respiratory System
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, & removes carbon dioxide from body cells. Contains tubes that filter, warm, & moisturize incoming air, & transport it to gas exchange areas, & microscopic air sacs that exchange gases.
Other functions: remove particles from the incoming air, regulates temperature & water contents of air, provide vocal sounds, regulates blood pH, & help in sense of smell.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Provides opening for in & out of air. Contains coarse hairs, that stops the entry of particles
Nasal Cavity
Divided medially by nasal septum, containing bones & cartilage. Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bone that divides the nasal cavity into passageways.
Sinuses
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, & sphenoid bones. Lined with the mucous membrane that continues with lining the nasal cavity. Also reduces the weight of the skull
Pharynx
It is the most common passageway for air & food from nasal cavity & oral cavities. Helps in creating sounds for speech. Contains 3 subdivision: nasopharynx, oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
Transport air in & out of the trachea. Houses the vocal cords. Helps keep particles out of the trachea. Larger cartilages of the larynx: Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple).
There are two pairs of vocal cords inside of the larynx, containing muscle & connective tissue, & covered with mucous membrane, extending from the walls. Glottis is the true vocal cord & opens between them.
Trachea
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior of the esophagus & in the thoracic cavity. It also separates into left & right primary bronchi. The inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with multiple goblet cells.
Bronchial tree
Contains branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, coming from trachea to microscopic air sacs of lungs, known as alveoli.
Primary Bronchi: First branch of the bronchial tree; comes directly from trachea; each leads to both lung.
Secondary Bronchi: Branches off the main bronchi; each enters lobes of the lungs.
Tertiary Bronchi: Branches off the lobar bronchi; each enters segments of lungs.
Bronchioles: small tube like organs than branches off the segmental bronchi.
Terminal bronchioles: Branches off bigger bronchioles; is the smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without having to exchange.
Respiratory Bronchioles: Branches off the terminal bronchioles; contains alveoli, making it able to exchange gas.
Alveolar ducts: Branches off respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar sacs: Branches off the alveolar ducts; contains air sacs known as alveoli.
Alveoli: Contains simple squamous epithelium, that conducts gas exchange rapidly between air & blood with associated capillaries.
Lungs
Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organ of the respiratory system. Separated medially by the mediastinum, & enclosed by diaphragm & thoracic cage.
Pleura
Visceral Pleura: Inner layer; connected to the surface of both lungs.
Parietal Pleura: Outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity.
Serous fluid lubricates pleural cavity between 2 layers.
The right lung contains 3 lobes (superior, middle, & inferior) making bigger than left, Left lung contains 2 lobes (superior & inferior).
Layers of the Pleurae
Parietal Pleura: Outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity.
Serous fluid lubricates pleural cavity between 2 layers.
Visceral Pleura: Inner layer; connected to the surface of both lungs.
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: Pressure in the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from atmospheric; this happens during inspiration. Thoracic cavity contains muscles that expand for normal inspiration.
Maximal Inspiration: Needs contraction of multiple other muscles (pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes), to enlarge the thoracic cavity more.
Normal Expiration: Results of passive process & elastic recoil of muscle & lungs tissue, & from surface tension within alveoli.
Forced Expiration: Allows expiration of more air than normal. Aided by internal intercostal muscles & abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cages & abdominal wall, respectively.
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into lungs.
Once pressure inside lungs go below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from atmospheric; this happens during inspiration.
Increasing volume of thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside lungs to decrease (an inverse relationship).
Muscle contraction causes pressure in lungs going 2 mm below atmospheric pressure; this causes air to rush into lungs.
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Cause or risk factors are bacterial infection, viral infection, & impaired immune system. Symptoms are shortness of breath, nausea & vomiting, & cough with mucus. Treatment for this are over the counter medication, antibiotics, & oxygen therapy.
Lung Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs.
Causes or risk factors are smoking (90% of cases), air pollution, & ashestos exposure. Symptoms are chest pain, weight loss, & shortness of breath. Treatment for this are surgical removal, targeted therapy, & chemotherapy.
Tuberculosis
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Causes or risk factors are weakened immune system, drug & alcohol abuse, & care/live with patients. Symptoms are weight loss & night sweat, chest pain, & swollen lymph nodes. Treatment for this are long-term antibiotics, surgery, & medication.
Seasonal Flu
A viral infection; There are many variation of this virus & it changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms.
Causes or risk factors are chronic illness, weakened immune system, & droplets. Symptoms are dry cough, body ache, & headache. Treatment for this are rest & hydration, early vaccination, & antiviral medication.
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & asthma.
Cause or risk factors are tobacco smoke, air pollution, & asthmatic bronchitis. Symptoms are chronic cough, lung damage, & heart disease. Treatment for this are lung transplant, smoking cessation, & antibiotics.
Respiratory volumes and capacities
There are four distinct respiratory volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume: Volume of air than can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is 3,000 mL.
Expiratory reserve volume: Volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond tidal volume; average is 1,200 mL.
Tidal volume: Volume of air that enter & leaves lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is 500 mL.
Residual volume: Volume of air that stays in lungs after maximal expiration; average is 1,200 mL; cannot be measured with spirometer.
Respiratory capacities: mix of 2 or more respiratory volumes.
Vital capacity: Maximum volume of air that can exhaled after maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (4,600mL)
Total lung capacity: Total volume of air lungs can hold; VC + RV (5,800mL); varies with age, gender, & body size.
Functional residual capacity: Volume of air that stays in lungs after resting expiration; ERV + RV (2,300mL)
Inspiratory capacity: Volume of air that can be inhaled after normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (3,500ml)
Internal vs. external respiration.
Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood & body cells.
External respiration: gas exchange between lungs & blood.