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09 Respiratory System, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves,…
09 Respiratory System
Inspiration:Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the air on all
objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric
pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere;
Normal breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary event, even though
the muscles are also under voluntary control
Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs/cavities clustered at distal ends of alveolar
ducts
The only sites of gas exchange between the air and blood
Tidal volume (TV) 500 mL Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory
cycle
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3,000 mL Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting
inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1,100 mL Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting
expiration
Residual volume (RV) 1,200 mL Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal
expiration
Vital capacity (VC) 4,600 mL Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the
deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC) 3,500 mL Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation
of resting tidal volume: IC = TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity (FRC) 2,300 mL Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of
resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV
Total lung capacity (TLC) 5,800 mL Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV
RS
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide
from the body cells
Consists of tubes that filter, warm, and moisturize incoming air, and
transport it into the gas exchange areas, and microscopic air sacs that
exchange gases
Other functions of the respiratory system: removes particles from
incoming air, regulates temperature and water content of the air,
provides vocal sounds, regulates blood pH, and helps in sense of smell
Nose- Part of face centered above mouth, in
and below space between eyes Function: Nostrils provide entrance to nasal cavity; internal
hairs begin to filter incoming air.
Nasal cavity Hollow space behind nose Conducts air to pharynx; mucous lining filters,
warms, and moistens incoming air
Paranasal sinuses Hollow spaces in certain skull bones Reduce weight of skull; serve as resonant
chambers
Pharynx: Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral
cavity, and larynx, Function:Passageway for air moving from nasal cavity to larynx and for food moving from oral cavity to esophagus
Larynx: Enlargement at top of trachea. Function: Passageway for air; prevents foreign objects from
entering trachea; houses vocal cords.
Trachea Flexible tube that connects larynx with
bronchial tree. Passageway for air; mucous lining continues to filter particles from incoming air
Bronchial tree:Branched tubes that lead from trachea
to alveoli. Function. Conducts air from trachea to alveoli; mucous lining continues to filter incoming air.
Lungs, Soft, cone-shaped organs that occupy a
large portion of the thoracic cavity. Function: Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
filter particles from incoming air