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Respiratory System - Sandra Cortez - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System - Sandra Cortez
:star: Major functions of the respiratory system
Obtain oxygen from the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Removes particles from incoming air
Regulates temperature and water content of the air
Provides vocal sounds
Regulates blood and pH
Helps sense of smell
Filter, warm and moisturize incoming air
Exchange gas
internal vs. external respiration
Internal respiration
Air moves from higher to lower pressure
Requires the contraction of several muscles
Pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure and air flows in from the atmosphere
Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity causes air pressure inside the lungs to decrease
External respiration
Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissue in addition to the surface tension with the aleveoli
Increased surface tension in the alveoli decrease their volume
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Tidal volume occurs during a respiratory cycle and Residual volume remains after maximal expiration
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
IRV is at the end of a resting inspiration whereas ERV is at the end of a resting expiration
IC = TV + IRV
FRC = ERV + RV
TLC = VC + RV
Lower respiratory structures and functions
2) Trachea
Splits into right and left primary bronchi
Inner wall is lined w/cilliated mucous membrane w/many goblet cells
Goblet cells: produce mucus that trap incoming particles
Cilia: sweep mucus toward pharynx where it is swallowed
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Wall is supported by 20 incomplete (c-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep the airway open
3) Bronchial tree
A) Primary bronchi
First branches, branch directly off the trachea, each leads to a lung
B) Secondary bronchi
Branches off the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Consists of branched mucous membrane-lined tubular airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs called alveoli
C) Tertiary bronchi
Branches of the lobar bronchi each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles:
Smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles:
Branches off larger bronchioles; smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles:
Branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange
Alveolar ducts:
Branch off respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar sacs:
Branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli:
Consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air and blood w/ the associated capillaries; closely surrounded by extensive capillary networks
1) Larynx
Houses the vocal cords
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Helps keep particles from entering the trachea
Large cartilage of the larynx (thyroid cartilage; adam's apple)
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the laryngopharynx
(transports air in & out of the trachea)
4) Lungs
Separated medially by the mediastinum & enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage
A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Soft spongy cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system
Right lung:
Larger (Three lobes: superior, middle and inferior)
Left lung:
(Two lobes: superior and inferior)
Disorders of the respiratory system
3.Pneumonia:
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Inflamed bronchiole and excess mucus
Causes or Risk Factors:
Bacterial/viral infection, aspiration, exposure to infection, impaired immune system and respiratory infections
Symptoms:
Fever, shortness of breath, chills, chest pain, tachycardia, fatigue, cough and nausea
Treatment Options:
Over the counter meds and oxygen therapy
4.Lung Cancer:
Uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Cancerous mass on the lung and a lymphatic spread
Causes or Risk Factors:
Smoking (90% of cases), second hand smoke, asbestos exposure, radon gas, genetics and air pollution
Symptoms:
(Occur at later stages)
chest pain, shortness of breath, blood in sputum and chronic infections
Treatment Options:
Radiation/chemotherapy, surgical removal and targeted therapy
2.Tuberculosis:
Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Appetite loss, fatigue, coughing up blood, prolonged cough and night sweats
Causes or Risk Factors:
Contagious if inhaled, weakened immune system, drug and alcohol abuse, and traveling or living where TB is common
Symptoms:
Asymptomatic, cough w/ thick mucus, weight loss, fever and tachycardia
Treatment Options:
Long term antibiotics, surgery and medications
5.Seasonal Flu:
A viral infection; many variations and changes rapidly
Runny/stuffy nose, coughing, sore throat, tiredness and fever
Causes or Risk Factors:
Inhaled in respiratory, droplets, age or occupation, living conditions, weakened immune system, chronic illness and pregnancy
Symptoms:
Dry cough, fatigue/congestion, head or body ache, chills, fever, nausea or vomiting
Treatment Options:
Early vaccination, over the counter meds, antiviral medication, rest and hydration!
1.COPD:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma
Causes or Risk Factors:
Asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, dust exposure, chemical fume exposure, air pollution etc.
Symptoms:
Chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, tight chest, lung damage and heart disease
Inflammation and excess mucus
Treatment Options:
Smoking cessation, meds, bronchodilators, antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehab and lung reduction or transplant
Upper respiratory structures and functions
2) Nasal cavity
Divided medially by nasal septum, consisting of bone and cartilage
Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bones that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Hollow space posterior to the nose
Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize and filter incoming air
Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by action of cillia swallowed & carried to the stomach where gastric juice destroys microorganisms in the mucus
3) Sinuses
Paranasal sinuses
1) Air-filled spaces in the maxillary frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid bones
2) Sinuses open into the nasal cavity
3) Lined w/mucus membrane that is continuous w/that lining the nasal cavity
4) Reduce the weight of the skull
5) Serve as resonant chambers for the voice
1) Nose
Supported by bone and cartilage
Nostrils contain coarse hairs which prevent the entry of particles
Nostrils provide openings for entrance and exit of air
4) Pharynx
2) Common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities
3) Aids in producing sounds for speech
1) Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx
4) Three subdivisions; nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Compare
As the diaphragm contracts the thoracic cavity enlarges and the organs spring back to their original shape
Contrast
Expiration
The external intercostals relax
(Forced expiration) compresses the rib cage and abdominal wall respectively
Intra-alveolar pressure increases to about 1mm Hg above atmospheric pressure
air rushes out of the lungs and into the atmosphere
Inspiration
The external intercostals contract to move the ribs and sternum upward and outward
(Maximal inspiration) enlarges the thoracic cavity
Muscle contraction results in pressure in the lungs falling to 2mm below atmospheric pressure
air rushes into the lungs
Respiratory volumes and capacities
D) Residual volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
E) Vital capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible: VC = TV + IRV + ERV
C) Expiratory reserve volume
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration
F) Inspiratory capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume: IC = TV + IRV
B) Inspiratory reserve volume
Maximal volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration
G) Functional residual capacity
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume: FRC = ERV + RV
A) Tidal volume
Volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle
H) Total lung capacity
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold: TLC = VC + RV
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleura (outer layer):
Lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid:
Lubricates the pleural cavity between the two layers
Visceral pleura (inner layer):
Attached to the surface of each lung