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Benjamin Wang Period 2 Respiratory System Concept Map - Coggle Diagram
Benjamin Wang
Period 2
Respiratory System Concept Map
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nasal cavity
Hollow space inside of the nose that filters the air, warms the air and making it moist before entering the rest of the respiratory system
Sinuses
Hollow spaces in the skull, reduces weight of the skull and serves as resonant chambers for the voice
Nose
Provides openings for entrance and exit of air
Pharynx
Chamber behind nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx, passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Lung Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
Tuberculosis: bacterial infection cause by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Seasonal Flu: viral infection, many variants changes rapidly
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder): chronic bronchitis emphysema and asthma
Major functions of the respiratory system
Major functions of the respiratory system are getting oxygen from the environment around us to get oxygen into the body and then exert out carbon dioxide. Other functions include removing particles/ pathogens from entering the body, regulates Ph and temp, and help provide vocal sounds.
Layers of the pleurae
Serous fluid:lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Parietal pleura: outer layer, lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura: inner layer, attached to each of the lung surfaces
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea (windpipe)
Connects larynx with bronchial tree, lined with cilia, and many goblet cells
Bronchial tree
Conducts air from trachea to alveoli
Larynx
Houses the vocal chords and has the Adam's apple, prevents foreign objects from entering trachea
Glottis: true vocal cords and opening between them
Epiglottis: flap that guides food and air to go which path
Lungs
Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC): volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)
Vital capacity (VC): maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)
Inspiratory capacity (IC): volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV + TV (~3,500ml)
Total lung capacity (TLC): total volume of air the lungs can hold; VC + RV (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
Internal vs. external respiration
Internal: pull ribs down compresses abdominal contents causing diaphragm to go up
External: elevates ribs dome descends increases vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity
Inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: inhalation, diaphragm contracts moving downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity, below atmospheric pressure
Maximal (forced) inspiration: requires the use of pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, this enlarges the thoracic cavity which allows more air to enter the lungs
Expiration: exhalation, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, lungs recoil which decreases the volume of thoracic cavity
Forced expiration: uses internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles to compress the rib cage, allowing more air to exit the lungs
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~3,000 mL
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500 mL
Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL (can't be measured with a spirometer)