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Respiratory System Frida…
Respiratory System Frida Hernandez P.1
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration
: the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Internal respiration
: gas exchange between the blood and body cells
Respiration
: process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Pharynx
: Space behind oral and nasal cavities and larynx. Common passageway for air and food from nasal & oral cavities.
3 subdivisions
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Nose
: Nostril provide airway entrance / exit. Contains hair to prevent particles from entering. Support by cartilage and bone
Nasal Cavity
: Hollow space in nose (posterior). Medially divided by nasal septum, and Nasal conchae are the passageways.
Sinuses:
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. Sinuses open into the nasal cavity. Reduce the weight of the skull
Major functions of the respiratory system
Oxygen
is required by cells to break down nutrients, to release energy and produce ATP; carbon dioxide is a product of nutrient breakdown, which has to be excreted from the body
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Layers of the pleurae
A double-layered serous membrane
Visceral pleura
: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung
Parietal pleura
: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers
Disorders of the respiratory system
Viral Infections
Pneumonia and Seasonal Flu
Lungs / Bronchial Tree
COPD, Tuberculosis, and Lung Cancer
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx
: Transports air in and out of the trachea. Helps keep particles from entering the trachea. Houses the vocal cords. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
Trachea
: Windpipe. Splits into right and left primary bronchi. Inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many
goblet cells
Bronchial tree
Primary bronchi
: first branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea; each leads to a lung
Secondary bronchi
: branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lobe of a lung
Tertiary bronchi
: branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Lungs: Soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system. Occupy most of thoracic cavity.A primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Respiratory volumes and capacities
4 Respiratory Volumes
: Tidal volume (
TV
) [Average is ~500 mL], Inspiratory reserve volume (
IRV
) [Average is ~3,000 mL], Expiratory reserve volume (
ERV
) [Aerage is ~1,200 mL], Residual volume (
RV
) [ Average is ~1,200 mL]
4 Respiratory Capacities
: Inspiratory capacity (
IC
) [RV + TV (~3,500ml)], Functional residual capacity (
FRC
) [ERV + RV (~2,300 mL)], Vital capacity (
VC
) [V + IRV + ERV (~4,600ml)], Total lung capacity (
TLC
) [VC + RV (~5,800 mL]
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Expiration: The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and the lungs recoil, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Inspirartion: enlarge the thoracic cavity even more
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration
: Air moves from higher to lower pressure. When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration. Expands thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure
: pressure exerted by the air on all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs
BREATHING IN
Expiration
: Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli
BREATHING OUT
Forced expiration: Allows for expiration of more air than normal