Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiratory System D'Anna Contreras Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System D'Anna Contreras Per.1
Major functions of the respiratory system: respiration is a process of gas exchange between the atmosphere/cells
internal respiration: gas exchange between the blood/body cells
cellular respiration: oxygen use by cells/production of carbon dioxide
gas transport: blood between the lungs/body cells
external respiration: gas exchange between lungs/blood
ventilation/breathing: movement of air in/out of lungs
mucous membranes: bronchial tree filter, warm, and humidify incoming air
Lower respiratory structures and functions
trachea (windpipe): cylindrical tube that extends downwards anterior to the esophagus and into thoracic cavity, the inner wall is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells, and the wall is supported by 20 incomplete (c shaped) catilangious rings
bronchial tree: has a branched mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from trachea to microscopic air sacs of the lungs called alveoli
primary bronchi: first branches of bronchial tree, branches off the trachea and leads to lungs
secondary bronchi: branches off main bronchi and enters each lobe of lung
tertiary bronchi: branches off lobar bronchi and enters each segment of lung
larynx: transports air in/out of the trachea, keeps particles from entering the trachea, houses the vocal cords
lungs: soft cone shaped organs that occupy a large portion of the thoracic cavity; has air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, CT, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
inspiration (inhalation): air moves from higher to lower pressure, muscles that expand in thoracic cavity for normal inspiration
surface tension: 2 layers of the pleura when the thoracic cavity expands and when the lungs expands with it
surfactant: keeps the alveoli inflated and prevents collapse
maximal inspiration (a deep breath): needs other muscles to contract to enlarge the thoracic cavity more
expiration (exhalation)
normal expiration: results from passive recoil of elastic recoil of the muscles and lungs
forced expiration: allows more air and is aided by internal intercostal muscles and abdominal wall muscles, which compress the rib cage and abdominal wall, respectively
Internal vs external respiration
diaphragm: dome descends, thus increasing vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; also elevates lower ribs
abdominals: pull ribs down, compress abdominal contents thus pushing diaphragm up)
Disorders of the respiratory system
pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs :
causes or risk factors: bacterial infection, viral infection, and aspiration
symptoms: fever, shortness of breath, and chills
treatment options: over the counter medication, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy
lung cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in the lungs
symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, and blood in sputum
treatment options: radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical removal
causes or risk factors: smoking, second hand smoke, and asbestos exposure
tuberculosis: bretenal infection in the reparatory system caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
symptoms: cough with thick mucus, weight loss and night sweats, and fever/fatigue
treatment options: long term antibiotics, surgery, and medication
causes or risk factors: contagious, inhaled, weekend immune system, and care/live with tb paitents
seasonal flu: a viral infection; there are many variations of this virus and it changes radially year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
symptoms: dry cough, fatigue, and congestion
treatment options: early vaccination, over the counter medication, and antiviral medication
causes or risk factors: age, occupation, and living conditions
copd: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma
symptoms: chronic cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing
treatment options: smoking cessation, medication, and bronchodilators
causes or risk factors: asthmatic bronchitis, tobacco smoke, and dust exposure
Upper respiratory structures and functions
nose: has nostrils that are openings for entrance/exit of air, supported by bone/cartilage, and nostrils has coarse hairs that prevent entry of particle
nasal cavity: is a hollow space, divided by nasal septum which is bone/cartilage, and has nasal conchae which is a scroll shaped bone that divides the nasal cavity into passageway
siuses: air filled spaces in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones, they're lines with mucous membrane that is continuous with that lining in the nasal cavity, and is serves as a resonant chambers for the voice
pharynx: common passage way for air/food from nasal and oral cavities, aids in producing sounds for speech
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
inspiratory reserve volume (irv): volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~1,200 mL
expiratory reserve volume (erv): volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1,200 mL
tidal volume (tv): volume of air that enters/leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle: average is ~500 mL
residual volume (rv): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration; average is ~1,200 mL; cant be measured with a spirometer
Respiratory volumes and capacities
functional residual capacity (frc): volume of air that remains in lungs after resting expiration; erv + rv (~4,600 ml)
vital capacity (vc): maximum volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration; erv + rv (~2,300 mL)
inspiratory capacity (ic): is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; irv + tv (~3,500 ml)
total lung capacity (tlc): total volume of air the lungs can hold; vc + rv (~5,800 mL); varies with age, gender, body size
anatomic dead space: volume of air remaining in the bronchial tree, that isnt involved in gas exchange
Layers of the pleura: a double layered serous membrane, has serous fluid that lubricates the pleural cavity
parietal pleura: outer layer. lines thoracic cavity
visceral pleura: inner layer, attached to the surface of each lung