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AUXILIARY VERBS AND MODAL VERBS: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS - Coggle Diagram
AUXILIARY VERBS AND MODAL VERBS: FORMS AND FUNCTIONS
2.Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs
Auxiliary verbs
combine with present participles, past participles and infinitives
only convey tense, aspect or voice
Modal verbs
they accompany another main verb
distinct meanings
combine with infinitives
full range of meanings
1. Introduction
Ability
Permission
Obligation
Probability
Volition
Prediction
4. Modal auxiliary verbs
Introduction
ability, advice, certainty, intention or willingness, obligation/absence of obligation, offers, permission, possibility, prediction, probability, requests and suggestions
defective or anomalous
must be followed by a bare infinitive (except for ought to)
can work as operators and pro-forms
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
Might
Rarely used for permission
In Reported Speech
Possibility and probability
Shall
Mainly in questions
Mainly in offers and suggestions
Determination or prediction
May
Permission
Possibility or probability
Wish
Should
Escapable obligation or what is advisable
To refer to sth that is expected
an action a person did not do, but it would have been the right thing to do (+perfect inf.) or contrary
Can/could
sth is possible
ability (=be able to)
permission (=be allowed to)
opportunity (=have the chance to)
Capacity or ability
probability
Requests and asking a favour
Will
Futurity (volition or certainity)
predictions about the future
promising, inviting, offering and 1st cond
Would
3rd and 2nd conditional
Reported Speech
Invitations and requests
Repeated action in the past
Dare
Lexical verb
Probability
Must
Present and future obligation when personal implication vs. have to
Prohibition (negative form)
Logical deduction
Some fixed expressions (
I must say
,
I must admit
)
Needn't
Lexical verb
Lack of obligation
Ought to
Used to
Past habit no longer practiced
3. Primary auxiliaries
Be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)
All passive forms
Be+to+INF
be about to+INF
Continuous tenses
be+going to+inf
Have (has, has, having)
Auxiliary for perfect tenses
have to+inf
had better+inf
have+object+past participle
Do (does, did, done, doing)
Operator
present and past simple tenses of ordinary verbs
questions (except for
who
)
give emphasis (imperative, present simple or past)
Pro-form
Question tags (simple present and past)
Short agreements and disagreements
Additions to remarks
Short answers
Comparisons