Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Respiratory system Santo Celestino Period:5 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory system
Santo Celestino
Period:5
Major functions of the respiratory system
GAS EXCHANGES!!! O2 and CO2, is needed to maintain body functions through BREATHING! AND SPEECH
supply body with O2-cellular respiration
disposes of CO2 from cellular respiration
Respitation systems:
Pulmonary ventilation- breathing air in and out of lungs
External respiration- exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory system
Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissue
• Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose
Below/entry way fo nasal cavity
Produces mucus, filteres, warms, and moistens incoming air, and is chamber of speech and receptors for smell
NASAL VESTIBULE
Superior to nostrils, lined with vibrissae (hair) -filtrates.
Paranasal sinuses
Surrounds the nasal cavity
Lighteds the skull, warms, moistens, and filters air
Nasal Cavity
Most superior from all the respiratory system
Pharynx
midsagittal, to the body
pasageway that connect nasal caity and larynx and oral cavity to esophagus
PATH WAY GOES FROM : NASOPHARYN, OROPHARYNx AND LARTNGOPHARYNX
passageway for air and food
Soldeir for immune system
NasoPharynx
OroPharynx
LaryngoPharynx
Oropharynx
PASSAGEWAY FOR FOOD AND AIR
level soft to epiglottis
PALATINE TONSILS- located in lateral walls of facues
Lingual tonsil- behind tongue
Laryngopharynx
PASSAGE FOR FOOD AND AIR
BAck of epiglottis
Extends to larynx, where it is continous with esophagus
Nasopharynx
AIR PASSAGEWAY
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swalling
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
• Lower respiratory structures and functions
bronchi and branches
Right
Right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
THREE BRONCHUS ON RIGHT
Left
TWO BEONCHUS ON LEFT
From tips of bronchial tree:
– CONDUCTING ZONE STRUCTURES structures give rise to RESPIRATORY ZONE STRUCTURES
Respiratory zone structures
BEGINS WHERE TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES FEED INTO
RESPORATORY BRONCHIOLES
Leads to AVEOLAR DUCTS
LEADS TO ALVEOLAR SACS
contain- cluster of ALVEOLI
GAS EXCHANGE
Respiratory membrane
THE BLOOD AIR BARRIER THAT CONSISTS OF ALVEOLAR AND CAPILLARY WALLS ALONG WITH THEIR FUSED BASEMENT MEMBRANE
ALVEOLAR WALLS -
simple squamous epithelium
some cuboidal alveolar cells secret SURFACTANT and ANTIMICROBAL PROTIENS
BRONCHUS
each ones enters HILUM of one lung
EACH MAIN BRONCHUS BRANCHES INTO
LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI
Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe
LOBAR (SECONDARY) BRONCHI
each bronchus branches into
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
DIVIDE REPEATEDLY
ALL BRANCHES BECOME SMALLER
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES:smallest branch
BRONCHIOLES:LESS THAN MM in DIAMTER
Trachea
the pipe into the lungs
WALLS OF TRACHEA
Submucosa: connective tissure with seromucous glands that help produce sheet within trachea- AND IS SUPPORTED C-CSHAPED CARTILAGE RINGS
Mucosa- CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFED EPITHELOUM WITH GOBLET CELLS
Adventitia:outlayer made of connective tissue
Carina
– Last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
Lungs
left
SUPERIOR and INFERIOR LOBES BY OBLIQUE FISSURE
HAS CARDIAC NOTCH: cavity with heart
Right
SEPARATES INTO SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, AND INFERIOR LOBES
Separatted by horizontal fissure
Middle and inferior lobes separated by OBLIQUE FISSURE
ANATOMY
Root
: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
•
Costal surface
: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
•
Apex
: superior tip, deep to clavicle
•
Base
: inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
•
Hilum
: found on mediastinal surface, it is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi,lymphatic vessels, and
nerves
Larynx
The throat
VOICE BOX
ATTACHES TO HYOID BONE
FUNCTIONS:
1.PATENT AIRWAY
ROUTES AIR AND FOOD INTO PROPER CHANNELS (EPIGLOTTIS)
3.VOICE PRODUCTION
THYRIOD CARTILAGE: ADAMS APPLE
CRICOID CARTILAGE: RING-SHAPED
EPIGLOTTIS-
Elastic cartilage
TASTE BUDS- containing mucosa
VOCAL FOLDS-
vocal ligaments- form cord of vocal folds-true vocal cords
GLOTTIS:opening
SOUND=AIR VIBRATIONS
VESTIBULAR FOLDS- False vocal cords
Diaphragm
A rubbery flap!
• Layers of the pleurae
VISCERAL PLEURA: MEMBRANE on external lung surface!
Pleural fluid fills slitlike PLEURAL CAVITY between the two PLEURAE
PARIETAL PLEURA: MEMEBRANE on the THORACIC WALL-
Pleurae- thin, double-layered SEROSAL MEMBRANE that divides thoracic cavity into pleural compartment and mediastium
• Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
EXPERIATION: EVERYTHING RELAXES AND IS FLAT
MUSLCES RELAXES . . .
Quiet expiration normally PASSIVE PROCESS
Diaphram is pulled im
Thoratic cavity flatens
Volume decrease causes intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) to increase
Ppul > Patm so
air flows out of lungs down
its pressure gradient until Ppul = Patm
Forced expiration
Activates- oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as well as intercostal muscles
INSPIRATION . . . EVERYTHING IS TENCE AND RISED
Involves- diaphragm and external intercostal
AT THE SAME TIME
ACTION OF INTERCOSTAL MUSCLESL
Rib cage lifts
/ Increase in thoracic volume
4.Lungs becomes expand
causes intrapulmonary pressure to drop
for the pressure to equalize
( ATM = Ppul ) AIR NEEDS TO FLOW TO LUNGS
Pip
lower than ATM
Action of diaphragm
When it
Contracts
it moves
inferiorly
and
flattens
out
ACCESSORY MUSCLES
Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor
• Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atm
Intrapulmonary pressurre (Ppul)
PRESSURE IN ALVEOLI - Intra-alveolar pressure
AFFECTED BY BREATHING
eventalluy equalized with Patm
0 mm HG
= 760 mm HG
Transpulmonary pressure
(Ppul- Pip)
Pressure that keeps the lung space opeb
4 mm Hg
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
PRESSURE IN PLEURAL CAVITY
AFFECTED (goes up) by breathing
ALWAYS a
negative
pressure)
Less than ATM and Ppul)
-4 mm Hg
= 756 mm HG)
PULMONARY VENTILATION
inspiration and expiration
BOYLE's LAW: relationship bewteen pressure and volume of a gas
IF VOLUME OF GAS GOES DOWN, THE PRESSURE INCREASES
P1 x V1 = P2 x V 2
• Respiratory volumes and capacities
Capacity
Functional residual capacity (FRC) - 2400 ml (male) 1800 ml (female) - volme of air remainiing in the lungs after a normal tibal volume expiration (FRC=
ERV + RV
)
Vital capacity (VC)- 4800 ml (male) 3100 ml (female)- Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort ( VS=
TV + IRV + ERV
Total lung capacity ( TLC)- 6000 ml (male) 4200 ml (female) - Maximum amount of air contain in the lungs (AFTER) a maxium inspiratory effort ( TLC =
TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV
)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)- 3600 ml (male) 2400 ml (female)- Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal volume expiration ( IC=
TV + IRV
)
Repiratory volumes- for respiratory status
can use
spirometer
to caucluate voulmes
Tidal Volume (TV)- 500 ml - Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditioons
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - 3100 ml (male) 1900 (ml) Amount of air that can forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)- 1200 ml (male) and 700 (female)- Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration.
Residual volume (RV)- 1200 ml (male) and 1100 ml (female)- amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
• Internal vs. external respiration
Internal
Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissue
External
External respiration- exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
• Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumothorax
Lung collapse due to air getting into the body . . . pressure becomes unstable
CILIA IS DESTROYED WHEN DRIED OUT
Tebricelous
VIRAL VIRUS THAT ATTACKS THE LUNGS . . . looks like cheese in the sun
tonsillitis
Infected and swollen tonsils can block air passage in nasopharynx
Laryngitis: inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
Pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia