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Thinking and Human Intelligence - Coggle Diagram
Thinking and Human Intelligence
Concepts and Problem Solving
Thinking ~ cognitive process in forming new mental representation by using old information that pre-exist in our mind
Concepts ~ mental representations of categories of iteas or items based on our experiences
Natural concept ~ objects and events
Artificial concepts ~ rules, (eg greetings in the form of handshakes)
Intelligence
Measurement
Binet-Simon Test ~ calculates mental age in comparison to chronological test
Calculating IQs
Normal Distribution ~ bell-shaped curve describing the spread of a characteristics throughout a population
Normal range ~ scores falling in (approximately) the middle two-thirds of a normal distribution
Results
Normal Range
Mental Retardation ~ conceived as representing the lower 2% of the IQ range
Giftedness ~ conceived as representing the upper 2% of the IQ range
Imagery and Cognitive Maps
Thinking with sensory imagery
Cognitive maps ~ Cognitive representation of a visual concept (eg, mixing the word red, and bird together will produce an idea of a red robin)
Visual Imagery ~ adds complexity and richness
Schemas and Scripts
Schema ~ cluster of related concepts that provides a framework for thinking
a cluster of knowledge about sequences of interrelated, specific events and actions expected to occur in a particular setting (eg, fire alarm)
Problem Solving
Identifying the Problem
Selecting a Strategy
Heuristics ~ cognitive strategies as shortcuts to solve complex cognitive tasks, but do not guarantee a right solution
Searching for analogies
Breaking a big problem into smaller problems
Working backwards
Algorithms ~ using known procedures and formulas which guarantee the correct outcome if applied correctly
Obstables
Mental Set ~ tendency to respond to a new probnlem in the old manner used successfully for a previous issue
Functional fixedness ~ inability to perceive new uses for an object associated with a different purpose
Self-imposed limitations ~ using unnecessary restrictions due to human rigid mindsets
Judging and Making Decisions
Anchoring bias ~ faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate to an information appearing at the beginning of the problem (ignoring the latter issues and over emphasizing on theinitial)
Representative Bias ~ Faulty heristic strategy based on presumption that, once something is categorized, it shares all feature of the members in the category
Hindsight Bias ~ tendency after learning about an event, to believe it could be use as forecast
Availability Bias ~ faulty heuristic strategy that comes from tendency to judge probabilities of events by how readily examples come to mind
Confirmation Bias ~ ignoring and finding fault with information that does not fit our opinions, and seeking information we already know
Tyranny of Choice ~ Too many choices can interfere with effective decision making, sometimes to the point of immobilizing us
Theories of Intelligence
Cattell's Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Analytical Intelligence ~ ability to analyse andfind correct answers
Creative Intelligence ~ helps people see new relationships among concepts, strong insight and creativity
Practical Intelligence ~ Ability to cope with environment (street smarts)
Spearman's G Factor
Gardner's Seven Intelligences (Multiple Intelligences)
Musical ~ perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches
Bodily-kinesthetic ~ controlled movement and coordination
Spatial ~ mental images of objects and space relationships
Interpersonal ~ ability to understand other people's emotions, motives and actions
Logical-mathematicians ~ analogies, math and logic
Intrapersonal ~ ability to understand oneself and a strong sense of self identity
Linguistic ~ reading comprehension and vocabulary
Gardner's Three New Intelligences
Spiritual Intelligences ~ religious
Existential Intelligences ~ philosphers
Naturalistic Intelligence ~ environmental
Definitions of Intelligences
Environmental ~ shaped by environment or influences
Economics (ability to afford education vs poor)
Education
Health
Hereditarian ~ influence by genetics
Cross-cultural
Animals are capable of intelligent behavior
Language, has level of sophistication