Alcohol use slows down metabolism and lessens our capacity to burn fat.

Alcohol use causes significant issues because it changes testosterone into oestrogen. Plants used to make alcohol include phytoestrogens, which have an impact on the male sex hormone. It also appears that binge drinking increases the activity of the enzyme aromatase. This enzyme aids in the transformation of the male sex hormone testosterone into the female sex hormone oestrogen. Men who consume too much oestrogen may have signs of feminisation, such as erectile dysfunction loss, painful nipples, and testicular shrinkage.

Alcohol use causes inflammation and oxidative stress, which have the ability to disturb endoplasmic reticulum homoeostasis. As a result, the rate of protein synthesis is slowed down.

The DNA nucleotides guanosine and deoxyguanosine in particular can attach to sugar molecules when they build up in cells. Glycation is the process that damages DNA and causes DNA strand breaks, mutations to occur more frequently, and cytotoxicity.

Mercury's effects on the nervous system include interference with energy synthesis, which can impede cellular detoxification procedures and either cause the cell to die or exist in a persistently malnourished state.

Cellular respiration transforms glucose into ATP. The aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule in the cytoplasm and mitochondria results in the production of 38 ATP molecules. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are processes that take place during cellular respiration.

Objective - To determine how oxidative stress and cell viability are impacted by high glucose levels in human endothelial cells.

Alcohol can make cell membranes less fluid, which can change how membrane-bound proteins and receptors work. This may have an impact on cellular signalling and have a role in the emergence of a number of illnesses, including neurodegenerative conditions.

Alcohol can damage DNA by producing free radicals and obstructing DNA repair processes. This may accelerate the onset of a number of illnesses, including cancer.

Alcohol can weaken the immune system by impairing the actions of immunological cells such T cells and macrophages. This might raise the danger of infections and help some illnesses, like cancer and liver disease, come into being.

Alcohol is metabolised primarily by the liver, where enzymes convert alcohol to acetaldehyde and ultimately to acetate. Alcohol metabolism may produce free radicals and oxidative stress, which can harm cells and aid in the emergence of a number of disorders, including cancer and liver disease.

Objective - To look at how alcohol impacts oxidative stress and liver cell survival

Objective - To determine how caffeine influences the release of neurotransmitters and cellular metabolism in human neuronal cells.