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What are the effects of chemicals in food/drink on cellular functions? -…
What are the
effects
of
chemicals
in
food
/
drink
on
cellular functions
?
Alcohol - Acetaldehyde (chemical)
Effects on cellular functions
Metabolism
Alcohol use slows down metabolism and lessens our capacity to burn fat.
Alcohol is metabolised primarily by the liver, where enzymes convert alcohol to acetaldehyde and ultimately to acetate. Alcohol metabolism may produce free radicals and oxidative stress, which can harm cells and aid in the emergence of a number of disorders, including cancer and liver disease.
Protein synthesis
Alcohol use causes inflammation and oxidative stress, which have the ability to disturb endoplasmic reticulum homoeostasis. As a result, the rate of protein synthesis is slowed down.
Enzymes
Alcohol use causes significant issues because it changes testosterone into oestrogen. Plants used to make alcohol include phytoestrogens, which have an impact on the male sex hormone. It also appears that binge drinking increases the activity of the enzyme aromatase. This enzyme aids in the transformation of the male sex hormone testosterone into the female sex hormone oestrogen. Men who consume too much oestrogen may have signs of feminisation, such as erectile dysfunction loss, painful nipples, and testicular shrinkage.
Membrane fluidity
Alcohol can make cell membranes less fluid, which can change how membrane-bound proteins and receptors work. This may have an impact on cellular signalling and have a role in the emergence of a number of illnesses, including neurodegenerative conditions.
DNA damage
Alcohol can damage DNA by producing free radicals and obstructing DNA repair processes. This may accelerate the onset of a number of illnesses, including cancer.
Immune system suppression
Alcohol can weaken the immune system by impairing the actions of immunological cells such T cells and macrophages. This might raise the danger of infections and help some illnesses, like cancer and liver disease, come into being.
Sugar - Sucrose
Effects on cellular functions
DNA
The DNA nucleotides guanosine and deoxyguanosine in particular can attach to sugar molecules when they build up in cells. Glycation is the process that damages DNA and causes DNA strand breaks, mutations to occur more frequently, and cytotoxicity.
Possible experiments
High glucose's impact on oxidative stress and human endothelial cells' capacity to survive
Objective - To determine how oxidative stress and cell viability are impacted by high glucose levels in human endothelial cells.
The impact of coffee on human neuronal cells' cellular metabolism and neurotransmitter release
Objective - To determine how caffeine influences the release of neurotransmitters and cellular metabolism in human neuronal cells.
Alcohol's impact on liver cells' cell viability and oxidative stress
Objective - To look at how alcohol impacts oxidative stress and liver cell survival
Artificial sweeteners - Sodium saccharin (chemical)
Foods/drinks
Energy drinks
Protein powder
Diet teas
Sugar-free candies
Diet sodas
Pudding
Yogurt
Sugar-free condiments > ketchup
Baked goods
Effects on cellular functions
Glugose metabolism
Insulin signalling
leading to metabolic dysfunction
Sugar-free jelly and jams
Mercury
Food/drinks
Wine
Rice
Seafood
Oil
Effects on cellular functions
Production of energy
Mercury's effects on the nervous system include interference with energy synthesis, which can impede cellular detoxification procedures and either cause the cell to die or exist in a persistently malnourished state.
liquor
Glucose
Food/drinks
Fruits - grapes and dried apricots
Vegetables - sweet corn
Dried fruits - currants & figs
Manufactured products - juices, cured hams, pasta sauces
Honey, golden syrup
Effects on celluar functions
ATP production (energy production)
Cellular respiration transforms glucose into ATP. The aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule in the cytoplasm and mitochondria results in the production of 38 ATP molecules. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are processes that take place during cellular respiration.
Caffine
Coffee/tea
Effects on ceulluar functions
Positive
increase cellular activity
The release of certain hormones and neurotransmitters.
Negative
The negative consequences of excessive caffeine use include jitteriness and sleep problems.
Additives and preservatives - sodium benzoate and sulfites (chemical)
Processed foods containing additives and preservatives to improve flavour, texture, or shelf life
Effect on ceulluar function
DNA damage