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“What are the effects of chemicals in food and drink on cellular…
“What are the effects of chemicals in food and drink on cellular functions?”
Chemicals in Food and drink
what causes chemical change
bonds are broken or formed
energy is used in the form of ATP
How is energy gained when bonds are broken
energy is needed to rearrange the reactants of a reaction
hydrolysis enables ATP to be used
energy is released when reactors are rearranged into products
atoms become stable and lose their potential energy, then given off as heat
ATP is formulated via 3 various stages
enzymic/microbial activity
what is a preservative
Do they have a positive or negative effect
harmful for health and environment when ingested in large amounts
What are preservatives made of
Natural preservative
How does salt and sugar preserve
Prevents micro organism growth
Synthetic preservatives
What are chemicals
are there natural chemicals
what are chemicals used for
consumer goods
smart phones
cleaning products
textiles
What Chemicals can effect cell division
Dithiopyr and thiazopyr
Inhibit cell division, specifically mitosis in the later stages, causing multipolar mitosis
are there artificial chemicals
How do chemical compositions effect its properties
how does this effect reactions
what factors effect reactions
Ph
Effects shape of enzymes
Slows rate of reaction
Temperature
Optimal Temp
Multiple steps help regulate heat expenditure
Increased heat given off = denaturing
Due to not having smaller steps within metabolic processes
Decreased heat = slow reaction
Nutrients
Not enough
Too many
how do toxicants bind to enzymes
inhibits production of haemoglobin
affects aging
Mimics endogenous ligards
Ketosis is able to inhibit levels of oxygen
Burning fat for energy instead of glucose
decreased availability of carbohydrate and increased mitochondrial uncoupling
oxidative stress
Too many free radicals increase oxidative stress, damaging mitochondria DNA inturn provoking mutations that alter mitochondrial function (cellular respiration)
The application of Vitamin E or C, will reduce the formulation of Hydrogen Peroxide, reducing oxidative stress in the mitochondria, positively impacting cellular respiration
Cellular Function
Processes the cell undergoes to sustain healthy cell life
Cell Movement
Cytoplasm
Cilia
Flagellum
Cell Metabolism
All chemical changes that take place as essential processes, involving energy and basic compounds.
Transportation
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
DNA application/Division
Mitosis
Produces two genetically identical daughter cells each with the same amount of chromosomes as the parent
Meiosis
produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as in the parent
Cellular respiration
The production of energy
Glucose ---> ATP and H2O
Glycolysis
Krebs cylce
Electron Transport
factors influencing metabolic reactions
Amount of physical activity
Increases metabolic processes, in turn burning energy in quicker succession.
Hormone function
Leptin
Appetite/Metabolism/Fat distribution
Inslulin
Appetite/Metabolism/Fat distribution
Muscle to fat ratio
more muscle on your body, and the less fat, the higher your metabolic rate
Gender
90% of daily expenditure is due to the ratio of muscle to fat ratio
Age
Metabolic rate is intertwine with age
Potential Experiment ideas
Caffeine (energy drink)
Effects on sleep
Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist, inturn blocking adenosine receports in central nervous system
inturrupting the overall the activity of the DNA damage repair
Electrolytes in sports drinks
effect on athletes
electrolytes like potassium, magnesium, and calcium support the complex reactions that produce ATP
Effecting cellular function
antioxidant supplements
Effect on athletes
antioxidants regulate free radicals in the cell, the level of superoxide is able to be kept to a minimal, inturn prompting efficient cellular respiration