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Kylie Fraile P.5 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Kylie Fraile P.5 Respiratory System
Functions:
Gas exchange:
supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration. Gets rid of CO2 from cells
Olfaction, speech
respiration= 4 processes
RESPIRATORY:
pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
air that goes in and out of the lungs
external respiration
: gas exchanges between lungs and blood
Circulatory:
internal respiration:
transport of gases between blood vessels and tissue
transport of gases:
brings 02 to blood, gets rid of co2
Upper Respiratory Structures
Nasal Cavity:
divided by midline from septum.
Nasal vestibule:
has vibrissae (hairs) that filter out coarse particles from air. ciliated pseudostratified columnar, lined with mucous membrane. Ciliated cells sweep bad mucus to throat .
Nasal Conchae:
scroll like, mucosa covered PROJECTIONS, protrude medially. enhance air turbulence, filters, warms, moistens air
Paranasal Sinuses:
mucosa lined, air filled, cavities in the skull around the nasal cavity. Lightens skull, filters, warms, moistens air.
Nose
: filters, moistens, warms, incoming air. resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors, AIRWAY.
External Nose:
Root, bridge, apex (tip), nostrils (nares) PRODUCES MUCOUS
Pharynx
:PASSAGEWAY, connects nasal cav to larynx to esophagus 3 subdivisions HOLDS TONSILS
Nasopharynx
: passageway AIR ONLY
Oropharynx"
food and air. EPIGLOTTIS=flap protects from unwanted items
Laryngopharnyx:
food and air, cont. with ESOPHAGUS
Lower Respiratory Structures:
Trachea
: Windpipe. 3 layers
Mucosa:
ciliated psedostratified epthiliem with globlet cells
Submucosa
connective tissue
Adventitia:
outermost layer of the trachea
larynx:
voice box,FUNCTION: routes air and food down proper channels, speech production, and a patent airway. consists of 9 hyaline cartilage, not epliglottis (flap during swallowing), thyroid cartilage=adam's apple, the cricpid cartilage (ring shaped) Glottis: vocal flap Vestibular Folds: false vocal cords Vocal ligaments: true vocal cords SPPDECH: air during opening and closing of the glottis
Bronchi:
distribute air to the lungs
Primary
Bronchi,
Lobar
bronchi,
Tertiary
bronchi,
bronchioles
,
terminal
bronchioles
Alveoli
: site of gas exchange across membrane through simple diffusion (area of high concentration to area of low concentration)
Lungs
: occupy all thoracic cavity
root:
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
costal surface:
anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces
apex:
superior tip
base:
inferior surface rests on diaphram
hillium:
site for entry exit of bl. vessels
Pleurae:
thin 2x, layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 2 compartments
parietal:
membrane on thoracic wall, around the heawrt, between the Lungs
visceral pleurae:
membrane on external lung surface
Respiratory Volumes
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
amount of air that can be FORCIBLY INSPIRED beyond the normal breathing
2100-3200ml
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
amount of air that can be FORCIBLY EXPELLED
(1000-1200ml)
Tidal Volume (TV):
Normal breathing
500ml
Residual Volume:
amount of air that ALWAYS STAYS in lungs
Respiratory Capacities:
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
Volume of air REMAINING in the lungs after a normal tidal volume EXPIRATION
(ERV + RV)
Vital Capacity (VC):
Max amount of air that can be EXPIRED after a max INSPIRATORY effort
(TV + IRV + ERV)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
Max air that can be INSPIRED after a normal volume expiration
(TV + IRV)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC):
max amount of air CONTAINED in lungs after a max INSPIRATORY effort
Pressure relationships
Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul)
Pressure in the
alveoli
, changes with breathing, always eventually equalizes with Patm
Intrapleural Pressure (Ppip):
Pressure in the
pleural
cavity, changes with breathing, always negative
Transpulmonary Pressure Ppul - Ppip
Pressure that
keeps lung space open
, prevents lung collaspe
Atmospheric Pressure (Patm):
the pressure exerted by
air
surrounding the body 760 mmhg
Internal v External Respiration
Internal Respiration
: Diffusion of gases between BLOOD AND TISSUES. CAPILLARY gas exchange in body tissues
External Respiration:
NORMAL BREATHING diffusion of gases between
Blood and Lungs
PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE of 02 and CO2 across the membrane. Steep parietal pressure gradient exsist. Venous Blood P02=40 mmhg Avelolar P02=104 mmhg
Inspiration v Experation
Inspiration:
Gases flow INTO the lungs
Expiration:
Gases flow OUT of the lungs
Inspiratory muscles =
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Boyles law: pressure and volume are inversely related
Diaphragm
: domed shaped, moves DOWN and flattens out. causes an INCREASE in thoracic volume
external intercostal muscles:
as it c ontracts rib cage is LIFTED UP & OUT, causes INCREASE thoracic volume and DECREASE Intrapulmonary pressure (in alveoli)
Accessory muscles= sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor
quiet expiration normally as PASSIVE PROCESS naturally. Inspiratory muscles RELAX,, thoracic cavity VOLUME DECREASES, lungs recoil and INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE INCREASES
Ppul > Patm so air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm
Forced expiration: ACTIVE process uses oblique, transverse abs
Nonrespiratory air movements: coughing, sneezing, laughing, hiccups
disorders
COPD
: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema. air sacs in the lungs lose ability to stretch and recoil. SMOKING, tobacco asthmatic bronchitis causes. SYMPTOMS: chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest
Tuberculosis:
bacterial infection bc of myobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs. cough sometimes blood tainted, chest pain, tachycardia
Pneumonia
: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs, sacs are inflamed and fluid fills sometimes
Lung cancer
: uncontrolled cell growth and devlopment of tumors in the lungs. smoking, air pollution, gentics = causes. Shotness of breath, weight loss
Flu:
viral infection. bc of inhaled respiratory droplets, age, weakened immune system. Dry cough, nausa, fever