Kylie Fraile P.5 Respiratory System

Functions:

Gas exchange: supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration. Gets rid of CO2 from cells

Olfaction, speech

Upper Respiratory Structures

Nasal Cavity: divided by midline from septum. Nasal vestibule: has vibrissae (hairs) that filter out coarse particles from air. ciliated pseudostratified columnar, lined with mucous membrane. Ciliated cells sweep bad mucus to throat . Nasal Conchae: scroll like, mucosa covered PROJECTIONS, protrude medially. enhance air turbulence, filters, warms, moistens air

Paranasal Sinuses:mucosa lined, air filled, cavities in the skull around the nasal cavity. Lightens skull, filters, warms, moistens air.

Nose: filters, moistens, warms, incoming air. resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors, AIRWAY. External Nose: Root, bridge, apex (tip), nostrils (nares) PRODUCES MUCOUS

Pharynx:PASSAGEWAY, connects nasal cav to larynx to esophagus 3 subdivisions HOLDS TONSILS

Nasopharynx: passageway AIR ONLY Oropharynx" food and air. EPIGLOTTIS=flap protects from unwanted items Laryngopharnyx: food and air, cont. with ESOPHAGUS

Lower Respiratory Structures:

Trachea: Windpipe. 3 layers Mucosa: ciliated psedostratified epthiliem with globlet cells Submucosaconnective tissue Adventitia: outermost layer of the trachea

respiration= 4 processes RESPIRATORY: pulmonary ventilation (breathing): air that goes in and out of the lungs external respiration: gas exchanges between lungs and blood Circulatory: internal respiration: transport of gases between blood vessels and tissue transport of gases:brings 02 to blood, gets rid of co2

larynx: voice box,FUNCTION: routes air and food down proper channels, speech production, and a patent airway. consists of 9 hyaline cartilage, not epliglottis (flap during swallowing), thyroid cartilage=adam's apple, the cricpid cartilage (ring shaped) Glottis: vocal flap Vestibular Folds: false vocal cords Vocal ligaments: true vocal cords SPPDECH: air during opening and closing of the glottis

Bronchi:distribute air to the lungs Primary Bronchi, Lobar bronchi, Tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Alveoli: site of gas exchange across membrane through simple diffusion (area of high concentration to area of low concentration)

Lungs: occupy all thoracic cavity root:site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum costal surface:anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces apex: superior tip base: inferior surface rests on diaphram
hillium:site for entry exit of bl. vessels

Pleurae: thin 2x, layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 2 compartments parietal: membrane on thoracic wall, around the heawrt, between the Lungs visceral pleurae:membrane on external lung surface

Respiratory Volumes

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): amount of air that can be FORCIBLY INSPIRED beyond the normal breathing 2100-3200ml

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): amount of air that can be FORCIBLY EXPELLED (1000-1200ml)

Tidal Volume (TV): Normal breathing 500ml

Residual Volume: amount of air that ALWAYS STAYS in lungs

Respiratory Capacities:

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air REMAINING in the lungs after a normal tidal volume EXPIRATION (ERV + RV)

Vital Capacity (VC): Max amount of air that can be EXPIRED after a max INSPIRATORY effort (TV + IRV + ERV)

Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Max air that can be INSPIRED after a normal volume expiration (TV + IRV)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC): max amount of air CONTAINED in lungs after a max INSPIRATORY effort

Pressure relationships

Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul) Pressure in the alveoli, changes with breathing, always eventually equalizes with Patm

Intrapleural Pressure (Ppip): Pressure in the pleural cavity, changes with breathing, always negative

Transpulmonary Pressure Ppul - Ppip Pressure that keeps lung space open, prevents lung collaspe

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm): the pressure exerted by air surrounding the body 760 mmhg

Internal v External Respiration

Internal Respiration: Diffusion of gases between BLOOD AND TISSUES. CAPILLARY gas exchange in body tissues

External Respiration: NORMAL BREATHING diffusion of gases between Blood and Lungs PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE of 02 and CO2 across the membrane. Steep parietal pressure gradient exsist. Venous Blood P02=40 mmhg Avelolar P02=104 mmhg

Inspiration v Experation

Inspiration: Gases flow INTO the lungs

Expiration: Gases flow OUT of the lungs

Inspiratory muscles = diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Boyles law: pressure and volume are inversely related

Diaphragm: domed shaped, moves DOWN and flattens out. causes an INCREASE in thoracic volume

external intercostal muscles: as it c ontracts rib cage is LIFTED UP & OUT, causes INCREASE thoracic volume and DECREASE Intrapulmonary pressure (in alveoli)

Accessory muscles= sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor

quiet expiration normally as PASSIVE PROCESS naturally. Inspiratory muscles RELAX,, thoracic cavity VOLUME DECREASES, lungs recoil and INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE INCREASES

Ppul > Patm so air flows out of the lungs down its pressure gradient until Ppul=Patm

Forced expiration: ACTIVE process uses oblique, transverse abs

Nonrespiratory air movements: coughing, sneezing, laughing, hiccups

disorders

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; includes chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema. air sacs in the lungs lose ability to stretch and recoil. SMOKING, tobacco asthmatic bronchitis causes. SYMPTOMS: chronic cough, wheezing, tight chest

Tuberculosis:bacterial infection bc of myobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs. cough sometimes blood tainted, chest pain, tachycardia

Pneumonia: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs, sacs are inflamed and fluid fills sometimes

Lung cancer: uncontrolled cell growth and devlopment of tumors in the lungs. smoking, air pollution, gentics = causes. Shotness of breath, weight loss

Flu: viral infection. bc of inhaled respiratory droplets, age, weakened immune system. Dry cough, nausa, fever