Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
What are the optimum operating conditions for enzymes? - Coggle Diagram
What are the optimum operating conditions for enzymes?
OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR ENZYMES
Definition -
The best or most favourable point, degree, amount, etc., as of temperature, light, and moisture for the growth or reproduction of an organism.
Enzymes work best when there is a
high enough substrate concentration for the reaction they catalyse.
If too little substrate is available the rate of the reaction is slowed and cannot increase any further. Sometimes, if there is too much product accumulating, the reaction can also be slowed down.
VARIABLES
Independent variable (IV)
Controlled variables (CV)
Dependent variable (DV)
Uncontrollable variables (UV)
WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
Enzymes are very
efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions.
They are essential to the efficiency of cell function as they
speed up reactions
by
lowering the activation energy
to
transform a reactant into a product.
WHAT IS THE USE OF ENZYMES?
Enzymes are proteins that support and speed up the chemical reactions that occur in our bodies. Enzymes are also an essential part of our bodies' digestion.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Quantitative data
Measures of values or counts and are expressed as numbers.
Data about numeric variables (e.g. how many, how much or how often).
ENZYME: LACTASE
Found in the small intestine, liver, and kidney.
Breaks down the milk sugar and lactose into simpler sugars (glucose and galactose).
Very abundant in infants.
Without lactase, the body is unable to breakdown milk products. People without lactase are said to be lactose intolerant. They may have to avoid all dairy products or take medications with synthetic lactase to help with digesting dairy products.
Factors affecting the enzyme:
Lactose concentration
Sources of growth factors (temperature of incubation, and pH of the whey were the primary factors affecting lactase production.)
Optimum operating condition:
So by definition,
125 to 135 degrees F (51 - 57)
is the "optimum temperature" (range) for lactase activity. At temperatures higher than this range, the enzyme quickly becomes denatured and therefore unable to break down the milk sugar.
ENZYME: CATALASE
Found throughout the body, usually in cell organelles called peroxisomes,
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen,
Hydrogen peroxide is a waste product of cells, but it is toxic to the body. So, without catalase, hydrogen peroxide would build up and cause cell and tissue damage.
Optimum operating condition:
This study revealed that the optimum conditions for catalase enzyme activity tend to be
37 °C at a pH of 7
, especially present in liver and yeast samples.
Factors affecting the enzyme:
Concentration of enzyme
Concentration of substrate
Effect of temperature
Effect of pH
Effect of activators
ENZYME: PROTEASE
In stomach juice.
Helps break down proteins like those in dairy, meat, nuts, and eggs.
Small amounts are also found in the intestine and the bloodstream.
Without pepsin, the body would be unable to break down proteins into their peptide and amino acid parts.
Optimum operation condition:
Characterization of purified protease. The protease was active over a wide range of
temperatures from 20 to 60 °C, with an optimum at 30 °C
. The purified enzyme although active over a wide pH range (pH 5.0 to pH 10.0), had an optimum at pH 7.0 (Fig.
Factors affecting the enzyme:
Fermentation temperature
Fermentation time
Bacterial density
pH and added glucose content
ENZYME: AMYLASE
Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into simpler compounds.
Helps begin the process of digestion in the mouth.
present in the mouth, human saliva.
If it weren't present, you wouldn't be able to break down complex sugars into simper sugars in your mouth, which would make digestion of sugar difficult.
Optimum operating condition:
AMYLASE has an OPTIMAL RANGE of pH and Temperature which is
pH = 7 (neutral) and 37 degrees C.
These are the same conditions that exist in our bodies. When an enzyme is within its Optimal Range or conditions, it will be able to catalyse reactions at its fastest rate.
SUBSTRATE
Starch (starch solution)
When reacted with the enzyme hydrolysed maltotriose to maltose and glucose, and hydrolysed p-nitrophenyl maltoside to p-nitrophenol and maltose.
Factors affecting the enzyme:
pH level
Different substrate
Temperature
Natural source and additives
VARIABLE
Independent variable (IV)
The temperature of the water (0 degrees, 20 degrees, 40 degrees, 60 degrees & 80 degrees)
Dependent variable (DV)
Measuring the reaction time of the iodine colour to disappear, meaning that the amylase has broken down all of the starch (there should be no starch present).
Controlled variables (CV)
Temperature of the atmosphere
Time given to conduct the experiment
pH level
Same volume and concentration of starch
Same volume and concentration of amylase
Uncontrolled variables (UV)
The temperature of amylase (enzyme)
pH level of amylase (enzyme)
JUSTIFICATION
Testing the reaction between the amylase and starch is done by placing them into water baths of different temperatures. (this is one of the factors that affect the enzyme)
The different temperatures of water will help determine what are the optimum operating conditions, as temperature is one of the factors that affects the enzyme (this will acts as the Independent variable)
The use of iodine will help determine when the starch has been completely broken down by the amylase.
Timing how long it takes for the amylase to break down the starch completely will be show if there is no colour present when the drops of iodine are put in, which is when you would stop the timer. (this will act as the dependent variable as you are measuring how long the reaction takes (s))
ENZYME: LIPASE
Fat-splitting enzymes found in the blood, gastric juice, pancreatic secretions, intestinal juices, and adipose tissues.
Lipases hydrolyze triglycerides (fats) into their component fatty acid and glycerol molecules.
Initial lipases digestion occurs in the small intestine.
Optimum operating condition:
The purified lipase was active in the temperature ranging from 5 to 65°C and the optimum temperature for lipase action was observed to be
37°C
. The purified lipase was observed to be active in the pH ranging from 7 to 9 and optimum pH for lipase action was observed to be 8.