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Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Leidy Esquivel Per:2 Respiratory System
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Causes
- Aspiration, impaired immune system, viral infection
Symptoms
- Fever, chills, fatigue
Bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Treatment
- Over the counter medication, antibiotics, oxygen therapy
Lung Cancer
Causes
- Smoking, air pollution, asbestos exposure
Symptoms
- Chest pain, chronic infections, persistent cough
Uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs
Treatment
- Radiation, chemo therapy, surgical removal
Tuberculosis
Causes
- Weakened immune system, drug & alcohol abuse, travel where TB is common
Symptoms
- Fever & fatigue, tachycardia, chest pain
Bacteria infection in the respiratory system caused by myobacterium.
Treatment
- Surgery, medication, long term antibiotics
Seasonal Flu
A viral infection; changes rapidly year to year which changes the severity of symptoms
Causes
- Chronic illness, pregnancy, weakened immune system
Symptoms
- Dry cough, body ache, headache
Treatment
- Antiviral medication, rest and hydration, early vaccination
COPD
Causes
- Tobacco smoke, chemical fume exposure, dust exposure
Symptoms
- Chronic cough, shortness of breath, lung damage
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Treatment
- Medication, lung transplant, oxygen therapy
Major functions of the respiratory system
Supply body with O2 for cellular respiration
Dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
Layers of the pleurae
Parietal pleurae
- membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart,
and between lungs
Visceral pleura
- membrane on external lung surface
Pleurae
- thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two
pleural compartments and mediastinum
Pleural fluid
- Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of
lungs
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
Pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Pressure that keeps lung spaces open
Keeps lungs from collapsing
Intrapleural pressure
Fluctuates with breathing
Always a negative pressure
Pressure in pleural cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure in alveoli
Fluctuates with breathing
Atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg at sea level = 1 atmosphere
Pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Volume
Volume changes lead to pressure changes
Pressure changes lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure
Boyle’s law - relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
If amount of gas is the same and container size is reduced, pressure will
increase
P1V1 = P2V2
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Respiratory Volumes
Residual volume (RV)
- amount of air that always remains in lungs
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV
) - amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from
lungs (1000–1200 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV
) - amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond
the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
Tidal volume (TV)
- amount of air moved into and out of lung with each breath
Respiratory Capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC
) - sum of RV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)
- sum of TV + IRV + ERV
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
- sum of TV + IRV
Total lung capacity (TLC)
-sum of all lung volumes (TV + IRV+ ERV + RV)
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Paranasal sinuses
form ring around nasal cavities
Located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Lighten skull, Secrete mucus, Help to warm and moisten air
Pharynx
funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C
Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Composed of skeletal muscle
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for food and air
Posterior to upright epiglottis
Extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
Oropharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls of fauces
Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue
Nasopharynx
Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils located on posterior wall
Nose and nasal cavity
External nose
bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by alae
Nasal cavity
Divided by midline nasal septum
Found within and posterior to external nose
Ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards throat
Nose
: only external portion of respiratory system
Filters and cleans inspired air
Serves as resonating chamber for speech
Moistens and warms entering air
Houses olfactory receptors
Provides an airway for respiration
Nasal conchae
Increase mucosal area
Enhance air turbulence
mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each
lateral wall of nasal cavity
Filter, heat, and moisten air
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiratipon
Inspiration
: gases flow into lungs
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract allowing air to enter the lungs
Expiration
Expiration
: gases exit lungs
the inspiration muscles relax forcing gases to flow out of the lungs
Both/Same
Pulmonary respiration
Boyle's Law
- relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
phases are main parts of the respiration process
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are present in both cases in different volumes
Internal vs. external respiration
External respiration
diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
Involves the exchange of O2 and CO2
across respiratory membranes
Internal respiration
Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
Involves capillary gas exchange in body tissues
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Trachea
Submucosa
- connective tissue with seromucous glands that help produce the
mucus “sheets” within trachea
Mucosa
- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Adventitia
- outermost layer made of connective tissue
Extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main
bronchi
Bronchi and branches
Conducting zone structures
Trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi
Each main bronchus then branches into lobar bronchi
Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental bronchi
Respiratory zone structures
Respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory
bronchioles
Larynx
Routes air and food into proper channels
Houses vocal folds
Provides patent airway
Opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid
bone
Lungs and alveoli
Blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their
fused basement membranes
Single layer of squamous epithelium
Alveolar sacs contain clusters of alveoli, sites of gas exchange
Scattered cuboidal alveolar cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial
proteins