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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Bourbon Restoration
Bourbon dynasty returned to the Spanish throne
Alfonso XII was crowned king
end to the First Republic and restoring the monarchical system
Two political elements made the regime stable
turnismo
system introduced by conservative politician Cánovas del Castillo
two main parties
Conservative Party
Cánovas del Castillo
Liberal Party,
Sagasta
alternate their terms in power in order to avoid military uprisings
Republican Party, the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, the Basque Nationalist Party and the Regionalist League of Cataluña
Constitution of 1876
Suffrage
Rights and freedoms
Parliament
Religion.
Sovereignty
Turnismo
election manipulated in favour of the party that the king had chosen
went into crisis at the end of the 19th century
THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
November 1885
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
María Cristina, became the regent
pregnant with the future king, Alfonso XIII
sign of crisis
problem of popular representation
universal manhood suffrage introduced in 1890
still electoral fraud
differences between official Spain (the Parliament) and real Spain
regional problem
dissatisfied with the uniform centralism of moderate liberalism
demanded regional identity in Aragón, Valencia, Navarra, Asturias and Andalucía
Cataluña, the País Vasco and Galicia stood out
proposals for decentralisation were linked to cultural movements
Catalan and Basque nationalist movements began to state their proposals.
nationalist movements
Basque
1894, Sabino Arana founded the Basque Nationalist Party.
had no Spanish dimension
wanted Basque national sovereignty.
Catalan
1877, the first newspaper in Catalan
1901, the Regionalist League of Cataluña
wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation
play an active role in Spanish politics.
colonial problem
Cuba made constant demands
commercial autonomy
greater political
Cuban wars of 1868–1878 and 1895–1898
Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain ceded
The Philippines
Puerto Rico
Cuba
Guam
To USA
German-Spanish Treaty was signed
Spain ceded
Mariana Islands
Caroline Islands
Palau
To Germany
Disaster of 1898 and triggered a national crisis
Spain’s colonial losses were a major blow to Spanish morale
more than 80,000 people died
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
Population density (1877)
Agricultural changes
most important sector of the Spanish economy
Production increased thanks to exportation.
inequality of land ownership
Cantabrian coast there were a large number of smallholders
southern half of Spain
belonged to the aristocracy and the wealthiest bourgeoisie
confiscated lands of the Catholic Church
acquired by the wealthiest people
during the desamortizaciones
increased their economic power
Caciquismo
developed in rural Spain in the 19th century
Caciques were large landowners
economic power and large social influence
controlled
employment contracts
municipal jobs
armed followers who intimidated the population
turnismo
Financial changes
financial institutions that could provide capital and loans to businesses required
banks and credit institutions
1865, the Banco de España was founded
many credit associations were established
Government spending had increased
Carlist Wars and Cuban independence
Spanish tax system was unfair
Social changes
middle class
Upper
lower
working class
ruling
urban
ruling high class
Demographic changes and their economic repercussions
Spain’s population grew less
result of continued disaster-related high death rates
because of
famines and epidemics of diseases
smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera
life expectancy was very low, just 35 years
The Labour movement
Constitution allowed the labour movement to develop
1873, the Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen’s Association
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), a Marxist party
Pablo Iglesias in 1879
socialist General Union of Workers (UGT) in 1888
changes to employment legislation
protective laws on child labour (1873)
recognition of trade union rights (1887)
compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace (1900)
Spain was a mainly agricultural country in the 19th century
contributed to other transformations
partial industrialisation
gradual construction of a railway network
led to modest but constant economic modernisation
