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Language Change - Coggle Diagram
Language Change
Theorists
David Crystal
Language changes to reflect society, tide metaphor, ebs and flows
Jean Aitchison
Crumbling castle: language was once perfect, no longer, damp spoon: language hasn't become lazy only drunken language has, infectious disease: bad habits spread
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Norman Fairclough
Synthetic personalisation, addresses mass audience as one, direct address
Howard Giles
Convergence/divergence, adapting language to those around us
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Context
Timeline
Anglo saxons - days of the week, everyday things e.g dog, 410AD
Norman Conquest - French words, latin still used, words like ‘cow’ ‘beef’ from English farmers, 1066
Shakespeare - 2000 new words and phrases, catchphrases brought in
King James Bible - new translation, words and phrases took root to all the world, metaphors and morality, 1611
The English of Science - Isaac Newton, first in latin, then talked in English, ‘acid’ ‘pendulum’, names of body parts
English and empire - travelling, Caribbean, Indian, Africa, took around 10 million square miles for english to develop around the globe
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Internet English - 1972 first email sent, internet arrived, typing, conversations shorter, abbreviations turned into spoken language
Global English - English established as a global institution, 1.5 bill speak English
Samuel Johnson, first dictionary produced, 1755
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Frameworks
Examples
Lexis (colloquial phrases, lexical fields, proper nouns/titles - convey expertise)
Semantics (archaisms, semantic fields, adjectives, verbs, noun phrases)
Pragmatics (implied meanings, anecdotes to reference something else)
Grammar (word classes e.g. nouns and adverbs, sentence types, prefix/suffix, inflections)
Graphology (inflections, interchangeable letters, single/double consonants of vowels, printing conventions present, paragraphing, sub-headings)
Phonology (prosodic features - stress, tempo, pauses, accent, elision e.g. ‘cos)
Discourse (context of conversation, speakers roles etc., discourse markers)
Syntax (word order within a sentence/arrangement of sentences, standardised?)
Morphology (the study of word formations - e.g. compounds, blend words, abbreviations, acronyms, loan words, modal verbs)