Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
A&P Concept Map Assignment – Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
A&P Concept Map Assignment – Respiratory System
Layers of the pleurae
pleurae: thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 2 pleural compartments and mediastinum
parietal pleura: membreane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm around heart and between lungs
visceral pleura: membrane on external lung surface
plueural fluid: slit like pleural activity between 2 pleurae, provides lubrication and surface tension that assista in expansion and recoil of lungs
clinical-homeostatic imbalance:
inflammed pleurae cause rough resultin in friction and stabing pain with each breath
pleurisy: inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
blood leaked from damages blood vessels
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Consists of inspiration and expiration, mechanical process that depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
volume changes lead to pressure changes, pressure changes lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure
Boyle's Law: relationsship between pressure of volume of a gas inversely proportional, gases always fill the container they are in
if amount of gas is same and container size reduced pressure will increase, so pressure (P) varies inversely w/ volume (v)
mathematically: P1V1=P2V2
inspiration: active process involving inspiratory
Thoracic volume increases: lungs are stretched as they are pulled out with thoracic cage
causes in trapulmonary pressure to drop
because of differences between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure, air flows into lung and down its pressure gradient until puul=patm
during same period pip lowers to less than patm, forced deep inspiration can occur during rigorous excercises or in people w/ COPD
Acessory muscles are also activated scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis minor
Act to further increase thoracic cage size, create a larger pressure gradient so more air is drawn in
respiratory volumes
expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Amount of air that can be focibly expelled form other lungs (1000-1200 ml)
residual volume (RV): AMount of air that always remains in lungs, needed to keep alveoli open
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): AMpunt of air that can be inspired foribly beyond the tidal volume
Tidal volumes (TV) amount of air moved into and out of lungs w/ each breath- average- 500 ml
respiratory capaciities
combinations of 2 or more respiratory volumes, inspiratory caoacity (TC) sum of RV+TV
functional residual capacity (FRC: Sum of RV+ERC
vital capacity (VC): sum of TV+IRV+ERV
total lung capacity (TLC): sum of all lung volumes (TC+IRV+ERV+RV)
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose and nasal cavity
the external portion of respiratory system, functions of nose
filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chamber for speech
moistens an airway for respiration
houses olfactory receptors
provides an air way for respiration
divided into 2 regions:
external nose
areas include root area between eyebrows bridge, dorsumnas (anterior margin), and apex (tip of nose)
nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by alae
nasal cavity
found within and posterior to external nose
Divided by midline (nasal septum)
septum formed anteriorly by septal cartilage and posteriorly by vomer bone and perpendicular plate of thmoid bone
nasal vestibule: nasal cavity superior to nostrils
lined with vibrissae (hairs) that filter coarse particles from inspired air
rest of nasal cavity willed with mucous membrane, pseudostratifies ciliated columnar epithelium
ciliated cells sweep contaminated mucous posteriorly toward throat
Nasal conache
scroll like mucose covered prjections that protude medially from each
shape of conache help to- increase mucosal area, enhance air turbulence
functions of conache: filter heat and misten air
paranasal sinuses
paranasal sinuses form ring around nasal cavities
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
functions: lighten skull, secrete mucus, help to warm and moisten air
pharynx: funnel shaped muscalar tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
3 regions
oropharynx
passage way for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
palatine tonsils located in laternal wallls of fauces
lingual tonsils located on posterior surface of tongue
laryngopharynx
pasaageway for food and air
posterior to upright epiglottis
extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
Nasopharynx
airpassage way (only air) posterior to nasal cavity
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
pharyngeal tonsils adenoids located on posterior wall
composed of skeletal muscle
tonsillectomy: surgery to remove tonsils
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
mechanical processess depend on volume changes in thoracic cavity, volume changes lead to flow of gases to equalize pressure
inspiration
Active process involving inspiratory mucles (diaphragm and external intercostal
Action of the diaphragm: when domeshaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out
results in increase in thoracic volume
action of intercostal muscles: when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and oyt much like when handle on a bucket is raised outward as it moves upward
results in increase in thoracic volume
expiration:
volume decreases causing intrapulmonary pressure (ppul) to increas
ppul> atm so air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until pul=patm
forced expiration: an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles as well as intercosal muscles
quiet expiration normally is passive process, inspiratory muscles relax thoracic cavity volume decreases and lungs recoil
Lower respiratory structures and functions
consists of:
bronchi
air passages undergo 3 orders of branching, branching referred to as bronchial tree from tips of bronchial tree conducting zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures
conducting zone structures:
trachea divides to form right and left main primary bronchi
right main bronchus wider, shorter, more vertical than left
each bronchus enters hilum of lung
each main bronchus then branches into lobar (2nd) bronchi, 3 on right 2 on left
each lobar bronchus supplies lobe
each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (teritiary) bronchi, segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
branches become smaller and smaller
bronchioles less than 1 mm diameter terminal bronchioles smallest of all branches, less than 0.5 mm in diameter
respiratory zone structures: begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts, finally into alveolar sacs saccules)
alveolar sacs contain clusters of alveoli, 300 million alveoli make up most of lung volume, sites of actual gas exchange
respiratory membrane: blood air barrier consists of alveolar and capillary walls along their fuse basement membranes- very thin (0.5 mm) allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
alveolar wall consists of: SIngle layer of aquamous epithelium
alveolar walls consist of: single layer of squamous epithelium, scattered cubodial alveolar cells secret surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
trachea
windpipe that extends from larynx into mediustium where it divides into 2 main bronchi
4 inches long, 3/4 inch diameter and flexible wall composed of 3 layer
mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
submucose: connective tissue w/ seromucous glands that help produce mucus sheets within trachea, supported by 16-20 shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue
carina: last trachea cartilage that is expandedd and found at point where trachea branches into 2 main bronchi
tracheal obstruction is life threatening many people suffocated after choking on a piece of food that suddenly close off their trachea
lungs
lungs occupy all of thoracic cavity except for mediatium
root: site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediaastum
costal surface: anterior lateral, and posterior surfaces
apex anterior surfave that rests on diaphragm
hilium: found on mediastinal surfaces it is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lympathetic vessels and nerves
left and right lungs
keft lung
separate into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than right because of position of heart
cardiac notch: concavity for heart to fit into
right lung
separated into superior,middle, and inferior lobes
superior and middle lobes separated by horizontal fissures
middle and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure
larynx
larynx: voice box extends from 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to hyoid bone
opens into laryngopharynx and continuous with tracchea
provides patent airway
Routes air and food into proper channels
voice production: houses vocal folds
framework of larynx: consists of 9 hyaline cartilages except for epiglottis connected by membreanes and ligaments
thyroid cartilage: large, shield-shaped cartilage that ressembles upright open book, laryngeal prominence
paired corniculate cartilage
paired cuneiform cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage: ring shaped
epiglottis
covers laryngeal in let during swallowing
covered in taste bud containing mucosa
vocal folds
vocal ligaments: form core of vocal folds
glottis: opening between vocal folds, folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
vestibular folds: false vocal cords
not part of sounds production, help close glottis during swallowing
consists of elastic cartilage (not hyaline)
voice production: speech: interimitten release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
and sometimes the diaphragm
broken in to two zones:
respiratory zone: site of gas exchange consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
conducting zone: conducts that transport gas to and from gases exchange sites
includes all other respiratory structures, cleanses and humifies air
Volume and Pressure relationships in thoracic cavity
atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by air surrounding the body, 760 mm Hg at sea level= 1 atmosphe
transpulmonary pressure: transpulmonary pressure (pul-pip), pressure that keeps lung spaces open, keep lungs from collapsing
Intrpulmonary pressure
Fluctuates w/ breathing, always eventually eqialized w/ Patm
pressure in alveoli: also called intra-aveolar pressure
intrapleural pressure (pip):
Pressure in pleural cavity, flutates w/ breathing always a negative pressure (<Patm & <ppul) 2 inward forces promote lung collapse
lungs' natural tendancy to recoil- because of elasticity, lungs always try to assume smallest size
Surface tension of alveolar fluid- surface tension pulls on alveoli to try to reduce alveolar size
one outward force tends to enlarge lungs- elasticity of chest wall pulls thorax outward
negative pip is affected by these opposing forces but, is maintained by strong adhesive force between parietaal and visceral pleurae
Atelectasis: lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles which cause collapse of alveoli or
Major functions of the respiratory system
supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO1 a waste product of celllular respiration
Respirationary and circulatory system are closely couples if either system fails, body's cells die from oxygen starvation
Also functions in olfaction and speech
Respiration involves 4 processes
pulmonary ventilation: breathing movement of air into and out of lings
Exrernal respiratiory system: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory system
transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
internal respiration: exchnage of O2 and CO2 between systemic bloood vessels and tissues
step by step:
Pulmonary ventilation- inspiration moves air into the lungs from the atmosphere, expiration moves air out of the lungs into the atmosphere
External respiration moves air out of the lungs into atmosphere, O2 diffused from the lungs to the blood, O2 diffuses from the blood to the lungs
transport respiratory goases, the cardiovascular system transports gases using blood as transportating fluid
Internal respiration: O2 diffuses from blood to tissue cells, CO2 diffused from the tissue cells to blood
Internal vs. external respiration
gas occurs between lungs and blood as well as blood and tissues
Internal respiartion: diffusion of gases between blood and tissues
Internal respiration involves capillary as exchange in body tissues
External respiration: diffusion of gases between blood and lungs
(pulmonary gas exchange) involves the exchnage of )2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
parietal pressure gradients and gas solubilities- steep pasrtial pressure gradient or )2 exists between blood and lung
venous blood p2= 40 mm Hg, alveolar p.2=104 mm Hg, drives oxygen flow into blood
drives oxygen flow into blood, equilibrium is reached across respiratory membrane in- 0.25 seconds, but it takes red blood cells 0.75 seconds to travel from start to end of pulmonary
Ensures adequate oxygenation even if blood flow increases 3X
both processes are subject to:
composition of alveolar gas
basic properties of gases
Disorders of the respiratory system
Pneumonia
Causes or risk factors: bacterial infection, aspirationm viral infection
Symptoms: fever, shortness of breath, chills
Description: bacterial or viral infection of the lungs
Treatment options: antibiotics oxygentherapy, over counter meditation
Lung Cancer
Symptoms: Chest pain, chronic infections, weight loss
causes or risk factors: 2nd hand smoke, air pollution, smoking (90% of cases)
Radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy
Description: uncontrolled cell growth and development of tumors in lungs
Tuberculosis
Causes risk factors: Contagious inhaled, weakened immune system, drug and alcohol
latent TB asymptomatic, cough with muscles, fever and fatique
Description: Bacterial infection in respiratory system by myocobacterium
Treatment options: long-term antibiotics, surgery, meditation
Seasonal Flu
Symptoms: dry cough, fatique, congestion
treatment option: Antiviral meditation, rest and hydration and early vaccination
Causes or risk factors: Age, occupation, chronic illness
Description: A viral infection there are many variations of this virus and it changes rapidly year to year, changing seventy of symptoms
COPD
Description: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, chronic, bronchitis emphysema and asthma
causes or risk factors: Tabacco smoke, age, genetics
chronic, cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
teatment options: Smoking, meditation, bronchodilators
Edema: abnormal ncrease in a mount of interstitial fluid caused by either an increase in outward pressure (driving fluid out of capillaries) or decrease in inward pressure
Bronchitis:Obstructive pulmonary disease,increased air way resistance