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Cell Division - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A good source is bone marrow. Scientists now think there may be a small number of stem cells in most different tissue; eg. brain, liver, blood and muscle.
  - - - Therefore, we may be able to save some plants from becoming extinct.
  - - - Many come from aborted embryos and others from spare embryos from spare fertility treatment.
      - Some people question whether it's ethically moral; feel that as the embryo cannot give permission, using it is a violation against its human rights.
      - Religious beliefs of others mean they cannot accept any interference with the process of human reproduction.
      - Progress has been very slow, difficult, expensive and hard to control. However, signals that control differentiation are still not fully understood.
      - Divide very quickly, which is why they're so useful. But there's concern that they could cause cancer if they are used to treat people.
    - - Risk they may be infected with viruses and so could transfer infection onto the already ill patient.
      - If adult stem cells are used from someone unrelated they could be rejected and cause an autoimmune response.
        
        Patients could have to take immunosuppresent drugs to stop their body rejecting them.
  - - - Using these instead of embryonic stem cells could solve the ethical concerns.
    - - Using cells from an adult to produce a cloned early embryo of themselves.
      - Removing embryonic stem cells and culturing them
      - Stem cells made to differentiate into different tissues (EG. spinal cord, heart, kidney, insulin producing cells)
      - Organs or tissues transplanted into patient to cure them.
        
        Not be rejected by the body because they've been made from the body's own cells and have the same genes.
    - - Diabetes
      - Heart after damage in a heart attack
      - Eyesight in the blind
      - Damaged bone and cartilage
      - Spinal cord after injuries
- - - - Arranged in 23 pairs: one is inherited from the mother and the other, the father.
  - - - Depends on the cells involved and the stage of life of the organism. EG. cell cycle is short before a baby is born, remains fairly rapid during childhood but slows after pubity.
        
        Even as adults, there are places of continued cell growth. EG. hair follicles, skin, blood, lining of digestive system
- - - - As a result, when nerve cells are damaged they are usually not replaced.
  - - - In these areas, mitosis takes place almost continuously. The cells then elongate and grow before they differentiate.
    - - However, they can redifferentiate if the cell is moved to a different part of the plant.
  - - - Therefore, given the right conditions these clone cells will differentiate to form tissues such as xylem, phloem, photosynthesis cells and root hair cells that are needed to form tiny plants. The plant will be identical to the original parent.