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Attachment, Lorenz=green, Harlow= purple - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Lorenz gosling study
      - Findings: Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere=Control group followed their mother= When the two groups were mixed up the incubator group followed Lorenz
      - Findings: This is known as imprinting= Bird species attach to and follow the first moving object they see= this can happen within a few hours= critical period
      - If it does not imprint during the critical period it will not imprint at all
      - Sexual imprinting: Birds who imprinted on humans would later in life only attempt to mate with humans
        
        Lorenz findings: Similar to attachment= supports the theory that attachment is innate
        
        Biologically programmed to form a bond with a caregiver
      - Harlow's monkey's AO1: Aim= to demonstrated that attachment was not based on the feeding between mother and infant
      - Procedure: 8 rhesus monkeys= 2 wire mothers in each cage= one cloth covered mother and one plain wire mother
      - Condition 1 : 4 monkeys, the milk bottle was with the cloth mother= condition 2: 4 monkey's, the milk bottle was with the plain wire mother= time spent with each mother was recorded= response to fear as also measured
      - Findings: All 8 monkey's spent most time with the cloth mother whether or not it had the deeding bottle =
        
        Those who fed from the plain wire mother only spent a short amount of time getting the ilk and then returned to the cloth mother
        
        When frightened – all monkeys clung to the cloth mother
        
        Playing with new toys – all monkeys kept one foot on the cloth mother as a secure base/for reassurance
        
        It shows that comfort and contact are most important in developing attachment
      - Long lasting effects:
        
        Motherless monkeys developed abnormally
        
        Socially abnormal – froze or fled from peers
        
        Sexually abnormal – did not engage in mating rituals
        
        Monkeys went on to be poor mothers themselves
        
        Harlow found a critical period=Monkeys could recover as long as they spent time with their peers before the age of 3 months
        
        Ethical issues :
        
        Monkeys suffered greatly
        
        Long lasting effects e.g. relationships with peers
        
        Question of whether it should have been done with monkeys
        
        However, the benefits may outweigh the costs to the animals involved
        
        Significant effect on our understanding of the process of attachment and has been used to offer better human (and primate) care to infants
        
        A03= Generalising findings to humans:
        
        Difficult
        
        Different psychological and physiological attributes
        
        Human decisions are governed by conscious decisions – we are far more complex than animals
        
        Therefore we may not find the same results if the study was conducted on humans
        
        However, this does support Shaffer and Emerson’s findings (Glasgow study) that we do not attach to those who feed us
    - - Observations questioned: Guiton (1966)= Chickens attached to yellow rubber gloves= tried to mate with them as adults= This supports the idea of imprinting, However= with the experience they learned to prefer mating with chickens= suggests imprinting is not as permanent as Lorenz believed.
      - Real world application:= Imprinting migratory birds to microlight aircrafts= Teach them migratory flight paths= Reintroduce birds to where they have become extinct