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Natalia Hernandez P.2 Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Action of diaphragm: diaphragm contracts; moves inferiorly & flattens out which increases thoracic volume
      - Action of intercostal muscles: external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up & out, which increases thoracic volume
      - lungs are stretched; causes intrapulmonary pressure to decrease until Ppul = Patm; Pip also lowers
      - forced deep inspiration: occurs during vigorous exercise or in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      - accessory muscles: scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, & pectoralis minor; further increase thoracic cage size
    - - inspiratory muscles relax, thoracic vL decreases & lungs recoil; Ppul increases
      - Ppul > Patm so air flows out of lungs, decreases its pressure gradient untl Ppul = Patm
      - forced expiration: active process, uses olbique & tranverse abdominal muscles & intercostal muscles
- - - - External nose
        
        only external portion of RS; supported by bone & cartilage
        
        parts: root (area btwn eyebrows); bridge; dorsum nasi (anterior length of nose)
        
        Nostrils (nares); bounded laterally by alae ( lateral portions of the nose or the wings of the nostrils,
      - Nasal Cavity
        
        inside portion of nose
        
        divided by midline nasal septum, formed anteriorly by septal cartilage & posteriorly by vomer bond & perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
        
        Nasal vestibule: portion superior to nostils; lined w/ vibrissae (hairs) which filters air; the rest is lined w/ mucous membranes, p-stratified columnar epithelium
        
        Nasal conchae: mucosa-covered projections that protude medially from lateral alls of cavity; helps to increase mucosal area & enhance area turbulence; filter/heats/moistens air
- - - - branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi (3 on right & 2 on left to supply lobes)
        
        branch into segmental (tertiary) bronchi; divide repeatedly
        
        to bronchioles; < 1mm in diameter
        
        to terminal bronchioles; smallest, <0.5 mm in diamter; afterwords in respiratory zone structures, end of conducting zone
  - - - respiratory bronchioles
        
        alveolar ducts
        
        alveolar sacs (saccules); contain culsters of alveoli (approx. 300 mil); alveoli are sites of gas exchange so walls are thin
    - - Parts/structures: root (site of vascular & bronchial attach. to mediastinum;
        costal surface ( anterior, lateral & posterior surfaces);
        Apex (superior tip);
        Base ( inferior surface on diaphragm);
        hilum (on mediastinal surface; site for entry/exit of passageways & vessels
        
        Left lung: superior & inferior lobes by oblique fissure; smaller than right b/c of position of heart; cardiac notch is concavity for heart to fit into
        
        Right lung: superior, middle, & inferior lobes; sup & mid by horizontal fissure & mid & inferior by oblique