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The Gastrointestinal Micro biome, citation Science NRC (US) C on the NN…

- - - - involve amplification and sequencing of targeted microbial DNA regions.
      - The methods target the 16s ribosome gene
- - - - Evidence of Development Micro biome?
        
        supporting the vertical transfer of microbes before birth.
        
        Mircobiome was showed when newborns delivered via C section that were exposed to the maternal vaginal fluids as birth
        
        infants delivered vaginally harbor microbial communities, dominated by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., which are similar to their mother's vaginal canal
        
        suggest that the early stages are characterized and temporal variation of the intestinal micro biome
        
        the human maternal intestinal microbiome undergoes a profound shift resulting in decreased compositional diversity with associated systemic inflammatory and metabolic consequences resembling metabolic syndrome
  - - - The impact of diet have reveled valuable info about the the intestinal micro biome in young cats
      - one study mention the fecal micro biomes of kittens fed high or moderate-protein diets after weaning were more similar to littermate at 8 week age but at 12 weeks can have the effect of kinship was diminished and the diet emerged.
      - In these kittens, the researcher found in the fecal that were presence of Lactobacillaceae and it have negatively correlated with body weight and positively correlated with blood leptin concentrations
- - - - Reason of phyla existing
        
        individual host genetics, diet, age, sample collection method and source, DNA extraction techniques, and analytic methodology
- - - - Evidence?
        
        amelioration of clinical signs after treatment with various microbial concoctions, as will be discussed in this section
- - - - The effect of prebiotics in dogs
        
        1 study, chicory root, a source of inulin, improved fecal scores, increased Bifidobacteria, and decreased C. perfringens in the feces of healthy dogs
        
        15 studies including 65 different treatment conditions showed that fecal SCFAs concentrations increase linearly with prebiotic dose
        
        evealed that fecal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus increase with prebiotic dose, although no changes were observed for pathogenic C. perfingens or E. coli
- - - - what are they used for?
        
        most commonly used probiotic organisms include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Additional bacteria used include Bacillus and Streptococcus as well as the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii.
      - why probiotics?
        
        improve host health include reducing intestinal permeability by upregulation of tight junction proteins, increasing mucin secretion by goblet cells, increasing secretion of defensins which prevent pathogen colonization, production of SCFAs, stimulation of IgA secretion, decreasing luminal pH, and enhancing and directing immune cells to promote tolerance to commensals while maintaining protection against pathogens