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The Grammar-Translation Method, The Direct method, The Reform movement -…
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The Direct method
PRINCIPLES
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Oral communication skills build up in a carefully graded progression organised around question-answer exchanges between teachers and students
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Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract by associations of ideas
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DOWNSIDES
It overemphasised and distorted the similarities between naturalistic first language learning and classroom foreign language learning
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It was largely dependent on the teacher's skill, rather than on a textbook
The Reform movement
PRINCIPLES
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teaching new meanings through establishing associations within the TL rather than by establishing associations with the native language
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