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7 Language Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - high amplitude sucking procedure
        
        compared speech with computer
        generated non-speech sounds
        
        similar frequency as speech
        
        rising and falling
        intonation contours
      - Babies preferred human speech over
        complex non-speech stimuli
        
        from birth babies find human
        speech very rewarding
        
        innate desire to listen for speech
  - - - narrow pitch range
      - staccato, disconnected contours
    - - higher pitch
      - larger pitch range
      - smoothed, connected pitch contours
      - shows up cross culturally
      - Benefits
        
        Higher-pitched :check:
        
        subjective loudness
        increases with pitch
        
        easier to hear for babies
        
        Smooth and
        connected :check:
        
        easier to track
        
        follow from one part to the next
        
        Exaggerated
        pitch contours :check:
        
        Express emotion
        
        soothes infants and
        attracts their attention
        
        conveys meaning such as
        approval or prohibition
      - Do infants understand
        content of IDS
        
        Cross cultural analysis of speech waveforms indicating approval or prohibition show similar characteristics
        
        Approval :check:
        
        Long sloping contours
        with a large pitch change
        
        Prohibition :red_cross:
        
        sharp, short and
        harsh tone
        
        Getting the
        Message
        
        studied 9 month olds
        
        Procedure
        
        :one: place object
        in front of infant
        
        :two: As infant reaches for object
        parent says one of four messages
        
        :three: Measure time
        infant plays with toy
        
        also tested 5 month olds,
        13 month olds and 18 month olds
        
        Results
        
        Smiled and played longer
        with approval tune
        
        Frowned and didn't play
        with prohibition tune
        
        Regardless of content
        
        5 months
        
        listen to tunes
        
        even with foreign languages
        
        13 months
        
        listen to both tunes
        and content
        
        confused by mismatch
        between tone and content
        
        18 months
        
        listen to words
        
        regardless of tone
  - - - Headturn preference task
      - Conditions
        
        Experimenter calls infant's name
        
        Experimenter calls name
        similar to infant's name
    - - infants listened longer to
        their own name
      - capability to represent and
        remember sound patterns of words
        
        provided they are
        familiar with it
  - - - infants notice which sounds
        always occur together
        
        beginning of word recognition
      - Eg. "Bunny" => "Bun" and "ny"
      - Saffran, Aslin, Newport
        
        studied 8 month olds
        
        Procedure
        
        Study Phase
        
        experimenters played 4 three-syllable words without pauses
        
        played for 2 minutes
        
        Listening Preference Test
        
        Infants can decide how long they want to listen to a sound by turning to or away from a flashing light
        
        Conditions
        
        Word trials
        
        Non-Word trials
        
        Results
        
        showed novelty preference and listened to non-word trials longer than word trials
        
        infants kept track of which
        sounds occurred in a row
        
        repeated predictable sound sequences become familiar and essentially become words
- - - - not communicative element
      - Eg. Burps, hiccups, cries, sighs
  - - - at 2 months
      - first utterances
        of vowel sounds
    - - at 4 months
  - - - generate speech-like sounds
        without real words
      - Examples
        
        occasional real syllables
        "da" or "ba"
        
        squeals, growls
      - form of vocal play where babies experiment with new sounds offered by a developing vocal tract
      - Deaf infants also babble
      - dies early on as there is no
        feedback on babbling
  - - - real syllables
        
        initially reduplicated so like
        repetition of the same syllable
        
        Eg. ba ba ba
        
        later syllables are mixed,
        variegated, diversified
        
        Eg. ba gi da bi da
  - - - native-language intonations
        
        indicates babies are learning
        the melody / tune of the language
      - still not intentional
        or communicative
        
        but used as practice for generating
        spoken language in the future
  - - - Turn Taking
        
        may talk over conversational
        partner initially
        
        get better with practice
      - Paying attention
        to pointing
        
        knowing referent of speech allows infants to learn words as well
        
        babies pay attention to fingers
- - - - first utterances start from
        12 to 14 months
        
        aka holophrases
      - tend to be content words
        as opposed to function words
        
        g
      - Nelson
        
        51% are category names
        (cookie, shoe)
        
        Social words
        
        Bye
        
        No
        
        Cultural Variability
        
        East asian families place emphasis on
        social group membership and social activity
        
        Use words of kinship or social words
    - - individual differences
      - influence of parental care
    - - 1 to 3 words a month
    - - Overextensions
        
        Eg. Referring to sparrows as
        birds then calling cows birds
        
        Interpretations
        
        understand cow and bird are 2 different entities but do not have the vocabulary to express that knowledge
        
        do not understand cow and
        bird are 2 different entities
        
        Thompson & Chapman
        
        asked parents for words
        children would overextend
        
        showed pairs of pictures and asked for the referent
        
        infants never chose wrongly
        
        suggests that limited vocabulary is the problem
        
        Comprehension precedes production
  - - - "ability to connect new words
        with underlying concepts"
      - more than 500 words in less than a year
      - Woodward
        
        :one: presented new object and
        presented a made up word for it
        
        :two: presented another new object
        and directed attention to it
        
        :three: present both objects 24 hrs later
        and ask baby "Where is the toma"
        
        studied 13 month olds
        
        Results
        
        child chose the right object
        at above chance level
        
        baby is confused when one researcher points at object while other researcher looks away and says the word
      - around 18 to 24 months
    - - resembles messages that
        were sent in telegrams
      - 2 word sentences
      - use of content words (nouns and verbs)
        and not function words
      - correct word order
        (noun noun, noun verb)
        
        age word
        order is learnt
        
        Hirsh-Pasek
        
        studied 16 to 18
        month old infants
        (1- word stage)
        
        Familiarisation
        
        shown video of Big Bird tickling Cookie Monster and asked Who is tickling?
        
        Repeated for Cookie Monster tickling Big Bird
        
        Test
        
        child shown both videos
        
        Cookie Monster is tickling Big Bird
        
        Big Bird is tickling cookie monster
        
        Results
        
        children looked longer at
        video that matched word order
        
        Comprehension precedes production
      - can be used to express
        many semantic relationships
        
        Eg. possessor + possession => My teddy
      - Gerken
        
        studied 24 month olds with
        mean length utterance of 1 to 2 words
        (2-word stage
        
        child hears a sentence and has to pick
        out the correct object in the picture
        
        Results
        
        more accurate when correct
        function words are used
  - - - :one: Get regular and
        irregular forms correct
      - :two: Occasionally
        overgeneralise
        
        suggests that infants have
        detected rules in regular forms
        
        smart errors
      - :three: Overgeneralisation
        disappears
        
        infants have
        learnt exceptions
- - - - all humans learn language
      - best time to learn language
        is infancy to childhood
    - - studied Korean and
        Chinese adult immigrants
      - Results
        
        No link between age and test
        scores after 15 years of age
        
        Evidence of a sensitive period
        
        skill predicted by age of acquisition
        not length of exposure
      - tested by listening to English sentences
        and asked if sentences were grammatical
  - - - do not use IDS
      - make explicit comparisons to native languages which often leads to errors
      - learn explicit rules
      - not immersed
        in the language
    - - brain reorganisation
        during puberty?