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What are the effects of chemicals in food and drink on cellular function? …
What are the
effects
of
chemicals in food and drink
on
cellular function
?
CHEMICALS
Potassium K
Regulates cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Affects protein production
Affects ATP production
Needed for:
Protein synthesis
Synthesis of proteins and enzymes that regulate growth
Low amounts:
Slow the rate of ATP production
Affect the rate of photosynthesis
Helps plants position their leaves towards the sun
Resulting in more efficient photosynthesis
Caffeine
Stimulate ATP production
Induces programmed cell death
Perturbs regulator proteins and tumour suppressor gene
Increases DNA damage
Reduces cell replication
Inhibits adenosine signalling
Ethanol (Alcohol)
Disrupts physics structure of membranes
Small amounts can accelerate respiration
Large amounts can be inhibitor to respiration
Large amounts can also disrupt neural stem cell growth and division
Oxygen
Needed for aerobic respiration
Reducing oxygen reduces ATP production
Glucose
Needed for respiration
Reducing glucose reduces ATP production
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
Respiration
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis (cytosol)
Krebs cycle (mitochondria)
Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria)
Anaerobic respiration
Yeast and some plants (alcoholic fermentation)
Animals and some bacteria (lactic acid fermentation)
Cell replication
Mitosis
Meiosis
Binary fission
Active Processes (Excretion/Absorption)
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Active transport
Photosynthesis
Plant growth
Oxygen concentration
SUCCESSFUL GROWTH/CHANGE MEASUREMENTS
Plant Height
Centimetres
Rule/Tape measure
Carbon dioxide
Concentration
Carbon dioxide probe
Magnitude
Water
Millimetres
Concentration
Ethanol
Concentration (probe)
Lactic acid
Growth rate (cell amount)
Diameter
Area mm^2
EFFECTS
Efficiency of cellular functions
How quick is the rate of transport
How many by-products are produced
How much of the desired product is produced
How many times a cellular function happens in regards to time
Growth rate
Waste material
TYPES OF CELLS
Plant
Growth rate
Photosynthesis
Measured by amount of oxygen produced
Or by amount of carbon dioxide consumed
Or by growth rate
Respiration
Measured by products produced ie amount of oxygen produced
Relatively consistent from plant to plant (unlike human)
Better to measure affects on a plant of smaller organism that are more consistent from one to another
Animal
If Human more variability
Not ethical (depends on IV)
Measure growth or amount of cellular function products produced (carbon dioxide, water)
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Quantities
Waste excretion
Cell procceses
Waste excretion
Binary fission
LIMITATIONS
Some chemicals afffect many cellular functions making it hard to measure the effect on just one cellular function
It is hard to measure some cellular processes
Some chemicals have both positive and negative affects on the cell making it hard to measure the effect of the chemical and interpret the results
Some chemicals cannot produce both positive and negative affects on cellular functions meaning the point in which the concentration becomes harmful or helpful can not be measured.