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HOW ARE WATER AND CARBON IMPORTANT, Transpiration - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sea floor
      - Sedimentary rocks
        
        Volcanic activity/weathering
        
        Human activity/combustion
    - - Biomass
        
        Soil
        
        Respiration/decomposition
  - - - The remains of the organisms sink and are pressurised into carbonate rock
        
        They can stay there for 150 million years
        
        Some is vented into the atmosphere via volcanoes
  - - - Up to 1000x faster than the slow cycle
        
        Land plants and phytoplankton absorb co2 to make carbohydrates
        
        Respiration and decomposition returns carbon
        
        Or oceans ventilate co2 back out, can be stored for around 300 years
  - - - Mixing of surface and deep ocean waters by vertical currents distributes carbon that has entered from the atmosphere via diffusion
        
        Surface currents move it towards the poles where it cools and becomes more dense so sinks (downwelling)
        
        Deep ocean current can upwell and carbon rich water rises and diffuses into the atmosphere
    - - Phytoplankton photosynthesise using c02
        
        Carbon in phytoplankton accumulated in sediment when they die
        
        Or organisms that use carbon to make shells can end up in sediments to become lithified (compressed) into limestone
- - - - Moist air rises over a mountain then cools and condenses, it rains and clouds warm and descend
    - - Warm front meets cold front, heavier cold air sinks, warm air rises and cools by expansion. (Adiabatic expansion) cold air condenses into rain
    - - When heat from the sun heats the land, pockets of warm air rise then cools and condenses, rain
  - - - Environmental lapse rates
        
        Vertical temperature profile of the lower atmosphere at any given time, 6.5 degrees c for every km
      - Dry Adiabatic lapse rates
        
        Rate that a parcel of dry air cools
      - Saturated Adiabatic lapse rates
        
        Rate that a saturated parcel of air cools as it rises as condensation releases latent heat
  - - - Flat bases,vertical development
        
        Convection- air rises freely in a convection current, internal temperature ereraches its dew point, cloud forms and air continues to rise (only fi internal temperature is warmer). When equilibrium is reached it stops rising the atmosphere is stable
    - - Layered clouds where air moves horizontally across a cooler surface (advection)
    - - Form at high altitudes, tiny ice crystals- dont produce rain
- - - - Interception
        
        Stem flow
        
        Surface runoff
        
        Percolation
        
        Base flow
        
        River discharge
        
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