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Imperial Expansion - Coggle Diagram

Imperial Expansion

TRIANGULAR TRADE

Presence of Slaves

in 1640 there were no slaves in English Colonies of North America. By 1660 slavery was written into law.

By 1700 there were nearly 120,000 slaves (primarily in Jamaica and Barbados

Reasons for Expansion

Anglo-dutch war→early 17th cent. Dutch controlled most of West African trading posts - as a result English successes in the First Anglo-Dutch war royal adventurers of England trading in Africa was set up in 1663 - company acquired a number of Dutch trading posts.

After Restoration - labour shortages→1660 labor shortages - indentured servants no long adequate meant triangular trade was mutually beneficial.

Royal African Company→1672 enabled British to dominate slave trade until 18th cent had right to levy own army, set up military bases and trading posts, company maintained control over slave trading across the entire West African Coast.

Effects Economically

The gold taken from Africa in this trade contribution contributed to the Royal Mint - strengthening the economy

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Ports involved in trade
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By 1713 Britain controlled half of entire transatlantic slave trade - Jamaica had 55,000 slaves working.

EFFECT OF ANGLO-DUTCH RIVALRY

Three major stages of Rivalry

1609-49→Dutch Dominic and beginnings of commercial rivalry. Middle of cent. England was stronger militarily but was less efficient economically. Centres around the importance of trade routes, fishing in the north sea and the cloth trade.

1649-74→Developed to direct conflict and war - First war resolved by the treaty of Westminster - meant Dutch must agree to the Navigation Act. Second War due to Charles granting British Royal African Company royal charter in 1663 for trade ignoring Dutch Presence. Dutch Victory in 1667.

1674-88→gradual decline of the rivalry.

Early Rivalry

Navigation acts→devised to deal with the threat of the dutch

Anglo-Dutch Wars

  - Caused three anglo-dutch wars in (1652-54. 1665-7, 1672-74). Glorious Revolution ended the political rivalry. Did not stop the commercial rivalry.
  - Rivalry lasted so long due to the fundamental difference between economic policies.

Examples of reason for Rivalry

  - The English East India Company (1600) and the Dutch United East India Company (1602) competed for spices. 
  - Dutch profits were higher as they had closer ties with their own government, and share holders who expected dividends to be paid annually. A reason why economic growth was slower in London in the first half.
  - Statistics - Ducth returned 65 ships comapred to Englands 35 between 1615-25
  - There was Dutch seizure of four English ships between 1617-19

Other tensions

  - America→culminated in English Capture of New Amsterdam
  - Cloth→Finishing process of English cloth - took away from traditional Dutch profits
  - Fishing Grounds→rivalry over as 1/5 of Dutch population employed through fishing
  - Seizure→English began to seize ships from 1635 with Charles 1 deciding to make exclusive claim to salute to English Ships.

The Anglo-Dutch Wars

What changed in 1649

  - Dutch ended war with Spain in 1647 
  - Dutch economy prospered - english economy hit a new low due to general depression, second civil war, royalist uprisings, execution

The Commonwealth→commitment to English sovereignty on the seas e.g. Navigation Act

Reason for First War→refusal of naval salute to English ships

Failure of the Treaty of Westminster

  - Peace treaty between English and Dutch and William III was prevented from becoming Head of State in the Netherlands
  - Failed to resolve underlying causes

Second navigation act

  - Strengthened the Stuart Economy at the expense of the Dutch - causing tension

Colonial Rivalry

  - Charles issued Royal charter in 1663 giving Royal African Company a monopoly over West African trade - brought company in direct conflict with Dutch (who had a claim on the region) 
  - Led to seizure of land and ships - blockade and war
  - Dutch able to sail up the Thames and capture warship Royal Charles  - secured the relaxation of the Navigation act and had a profound effect on insurance - difficult to find insurers willing to cover voyages.

Treaty of Dover with France (1670)

  - Louis XIV angered with French alliance with Sweden
  - Charles 11 entered war in 1672 which was part of wider Franco-Dutch War - continued until 1678 - feared charles would resort to absolutism
  - Second treaty of Westminster was signed in 1674 reverting relations between the two states to that of 1667

Effect of Rivalry

  - Positive→when victories and peace treaties were gained, the British usually gained an advantage in international trade
  - Negative→long drawn out battles would lead the economy to a standstill.

The end of Anglo-Dutch Rivalry

Public opinion→in 1670s - firmly against war - merchants had suffered greatly as a result of disruption to trade.

Reason for end

  - due to state of political and religious situation 
  - William III became Stadholder of the Dutch Republic in 1672 - married Mary in 1677 - leading to charles leading to alliance with William against France, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes (leading to anti-french feeling)
  - Rivalry entirely over with Glorious Revolution.

THE NAVIGATION ACTS

Reasons for Sudden Growth of International Trade

Royal Navy→was able to enforce english supremacy at sea (had been growing since early 16th cent)

War→spread Protestantism and loss of territory due to decline of Catholic Spanish Empire

Navigation Acts→helped reduce trading strength of other rival powers

Mercantilism→state took leading role in organising economic policy - reached peak during the Interregnum

FIRST ACT

Law

Goods imported to England and territories had to be carried on English ships. All crews had to be at least half english by nationality.

Result

Helped new english draperies dominate the textile trade over dutch an Reduced imports of cheese and agricultural staples

Helped private trading companies such as teh Levant Company

Contributed towards Custom revenues increasing by 3 1/2 between 1643 and 1659

Repealed

All acts during the Commonwealth were repealed by the restoration

Modified Navigation Act (1660)

Chief promoter of the New Act - Downing had been Cromwells ambassador to the Dutch Republic - continued interest

Confirmed legislation - also banned exports and imports from being carried on foreign ships

Confirmed list of goods (e.g. tobacco and sugar) which could only be shipped to England and her colonies.

The Staple Act

Associated with the Staple act of 1663 where all goods shipped from the colonies had to be shipped through England meaning both imports and exports were protected.