Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

6i Theory of Mind - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Eg. grabbing an apple
    - - Eg. sighing in relief
  - - - Eg. saw the apple :apple:
    - - Eg. believing the apple is there
    - - Eg. she must like apples
    - - Eg. she is hungry
- - - - present in neonates as
        young as 42 minutes
      - imitating behaviours like
        tongue protrusion :stuck_out_tongue: and
        mouth opening :open_mouth:
      - logistically challenging
        
        sleepy
        
        get fussy
        
        eyesight is not good
      - Why is imitation of facial behaviours
        strong indication of imitation?
        
        Neonates have poor control
        of facial muscles
        
        Unable to
        
        Meltzoff & Moore
        
        Like Me Hypothesis
        
        learning what it looks like
        
        "innate equivalence
        between self and others"
        
        imitation helps with the
        development of theory of mind
        
        learning what outer expression of
        one's own mental states looks like
        
        projecting mental states that generate a certain behaviour from self to others upon seeing that behaviour in others
    - - Johnson et al
        
        Results
        
        Newborns track a normal schematic face
        longer than a scrambled or blank face
        
        Newborns were more interested in
        scrambled face than blank face
        
        Procedure
        
        :one: Baby made to lie on mother's lap under an arch with degree markings
        
        :two: Mother holds out a paddle with either a face, a scrambled face or a blank face
        
        :three: Camera measures baby's head
        rotation and thus interest in the paddle
  - - - Infant TOM
        components
        
        Perception
        
        from capability for
        gaze following
        
        usually learnt between
        9 and 12 months
        
        12 month olds
        
        :red_cross: will still follow the
        gaze of a blindfolded person
        
        not understanding
        how blindfolds work
        
        Not only follows gaze but interprets it at a signal to interact with an object
        
        Desire
        
        understanding the relation between
        a speaker's intention and action
        
        Eg. "Let's dax Mickey Mouse"
        
        understand daxing =.hammering if word is accompanied by a hammering action
        
        understand it is an accident if speaker says OOPS
        
        Amamda
        Woodward
        
        studied 6 month olds
        
        Procedure
        
        aka Woodward Paradigm
        
        :one: Habituation
        
        A ball :soccer: and a teddy :bear: are
        displayed on stands
        
        1 more item...
        
        :two: Test
        
        4 more items...
        
        Results
        
        Highest looking time when
        actor reaches :arrow_left: for :bear:
        
        Slightly higher looking time
        when actor reaches :arrow_right: for :bear:
        
        Repacholi
        
        studied whether children understand if
        their desires can differ from other's desires
        
        Goldfish Experiment
        
        studied 14 month olds
        and 18 month olds
        
        Results
        
        18 month olds understand that others
        may have different preferences
        
        Procedure
        
        Child offered choice of
        two different foods:
        :rice_cracker: or :green_salad:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Emotions
        
        Empathy
        
        Sigman
        
        :one: Adult and infant
        play with toy hammers
        
        :two: Adult pretends to get hurt
        
        1 more item...
        
        Social Referencing
        
        Eg. Visual Cliff
        
        infants look to adults for emotional
        cues in ambiguous situations
        
        Belief
        
        widely accepted to develop at around
        age 4 for a good 20 years
        
        Sally-Anne Task
        
        Test
        
        :one: Sally keeps
        block in basket 1
        
        :two: Anne hides block in basket 2
        while Sally isn't looking
        
        1 more item...
        
        Results
        
        3 year old fails
        
        cannot imagine that others have knowledge that differs from the child
        
        cannot attribute mental states to others
        
        4 year old succeeds
        
        understand that Sally has the false belief
        that the box is still where it is
        
        change-of-location
        false belief task
        
        Smarties Task
        
        unexpected-contents
        false belief task
        
        Procedure
        
        :one: Present child with a crayon box and ask what the child thinks is inside
        
        :two: Reveal it contains
        animal crackers
        
        1 more item...
        
        Onishi & Baillargeon
        
        Results
        
        Child displays signs of surprise when researcher knows what she isn't supposed to know
        
        Procedure
        
        Child watches as researcher plays with :watermelon: and places it in :green_heart:
        
        Both research and children watch :watermelon: move from :green_heart: to :yellow_heart:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Why do 3 year olds fail
        traditional false belief tasks?
        
        Multiple parties to keep
        track of (Sally, Anne, ball etc)
        
        Explicit Judgement Task
        
        Children have to explicitly
        present an answer when they
        were expecting to just listen to a story
        
        Removing this element allows
        2 year olds to succeed
        
        Experimenter wonders out loud
        where Sally will look for marble
        
        Children will look to
        correct location
        
        Inhibit the foremost thought about where the toy is and tell the experimenter what Sally thinks
        
        Lots of language ("Sally does this, Sally does that")