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ATOMIC STRUCTURE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Pour the salt solution into an evaporating basin and place over a water basin on top of a tripod and gauze. Then, heat until small crystals start to form around the edge of the basin. Transfer the solution into a petri dish and allow the rest of the water to evaporate at room temperature until pure salt crystals are left
  - - - A solution is heated and boiled to evaporate the solvent. The vapour then enters a condenser (outer glass tube with cold water running through), where the vapour will cool and condense back into a liquid. The liquid will be collected in a receiving vessel, whilst the dissolved solids are left in the heated flask.
    - - Separates mixtures with miscible liquids, eg. water and ethanol
      - EG. Separating ethanol from water and ethanol
        
        A fractionating column, which contains glass beads, is added to the top of the heated flask. When the mixture is heated, the evaporated liquid has to pass through the glass beads. The column is hot at the top and cooler at the bottom, so the vapours condense when they reach a part of the column that is cooler than its boiling point. Therefore, if the temperature at the top of the column is kept at 80C, then the ethanol will reach further up the column before condensing and as a result will go through the condenser and into the flask at the end. This leaves the water in the heating flask and the ethanol in the flask at the end.
  - - - A capillary tube is used to dab a spot of the solution on a pencil line near the bottom of the absorbent chromatography paper. The paper is placed standing in a beaker of solution and the solvent is allowed to soak into the paper, running through the different spots. The relative solubility of the components making up the mixture in the solvent is determined by how far they travel up the paper; the further they travel, the more soluble in the solvent. The different substances are separated because of their different solubilities in the solvent.
- - - - EG. When copper is heated in air, the mass increases due to the copper reacting with oxygen to form copper oxide