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ACADEMIC WRITING, STEPS TO WRITE THE PERFECT ESSAY:, Cooper's (1988)…
ACADEMIC WRITING
SURVEYS
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Survey results are usually presented in graphs, columns and diagrams. Each is followed with a short description of the results.
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To demonstrate knowledge of the study field.
Informs students of other researchers in this field,
It could be a publishable scholarly article.
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The stages for conducting and reporting a literature review run parallel to conducting the primary research.
C. HOW TO CONDUCT A LITERATURE REVIEW:
- Formulate the problem: decide on questions that need to be answered.
- Data collection: collecting articles and how data is collected. Electronic search leaves you with about 10% of the research. Record all research. Keep a reference list.
- Data evaluation:
Extract and evaluate information that meets the inclusion criteria. Use a coding book to document collected data.
- Analysis and interpretation: to make sense of the extracted data.
- Public presentation: What is extremely important and what is not?
Ideas that are logically presented. Clear, concise and relevant
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A short summary of the research paper
- the gist of the paper
- a short paragraph (150-250 words)
- in preparation for detailed information
- highlights the key points
- the body will expand more info
- the genre of the research paper will determine the Abstract format
- Context
- Central questions
- Known knowledge
- Rationale
- Methods
- Findings and arguments
- Significance of findings
- Who will read this?
- What is the history and purpose?
- What was done in previous research?
- Why do I want to research this?
- What results came forth?
- Meaning of results in theory.
- Meaning of results in practice
- Key interests of readers
- What is unresolved?
Use Present Tense
- What is currently true
Verbs describe:
- methods
- findings
- arguments
- implications
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When writing an essay it should:
- answer the question
- have a thesis statement
- must present or discuss something
- must develop a thesis
- must include samples, evidence and information
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- Title page
- Table on contents
- Terms of reference
- Executive summary
- Background
- Research methods
- Findings/results
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- Must relate to research
- Must address research thesis or research question
- Validity in research
- Controversial issues in literature
- Make sure to identify potential future research possibilities
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Review based on Mixed Methods, pure Qualitative
- Create audit trail
- Define focus of review
- Search relevant literature
- Classify documents
- Create summary database
- Identify constructs and hypothesised linkages
- Search contrary findings and rival interpretations
- Corroborate findings (colleagues/informants)
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- Bracketing
- Collecting data
- Identifying meaningful statements
- Giving meaning
- Thick, rich description
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Case studies are done:
by giving special attention to
- competencies in observation
- reconstruction
analysis of cases under study
- Case study - associated with sociology
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5 Important components:
- The study's questions
- Propositions (if any)
- Units of analysis
- Logic linking the data
- Criteria for data interpretation
- Documents
- Archives
- Interviews
- Direct observation
- Participant observation
- Physical artefacts
Open-ended: respondents have to comment on questions, events
Purpose: to gain insight into events
More than one informant
Aim to seek the same data
Focused interview: respondent interviewed for short time
Set questions
Used to confirm data from other sources
Structured interview: similar to survey, used in neighbourhood studies
Detailed questions developed in advance - similar to survey
Direct observation: field visit
Could be as simple as casual data collection
Could be more formal where behaviour is recorded
Reliability enhanced with more than one observer
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- Clear and logical format
- Academically objective and accurate style
- Have citations and references
- Visual information like graphs and tables
- Include appendices
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