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10. LEXIS. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION. PREFIXATION,…
10. LEXIS. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH WORD FORMATION. PREFIXATION, SUFFIXATION AND COMPOUNDING
English lexis and word formation
: morphosyntactic analysis of the language
The morpheme
: smallest unit of meaning. Allomorphs. Free vs bound
Inflectional morphology
: grammatical categories (voice, mood, aspect, tense, case, gender, number, person)
Derivational morphology
: word formation
Affixation
: prefixation and suffixation
Conversion
: change in the syntactic function
Compounding
: two or more bases together
Others: acronym, blending, borrowing, calque or loan translation, clipping, reduplication
Affixation
: combining a base with other linguistic sings to convey different meanings.
Prefixation
: adding a prefix to the stem. Lexical function.
Pejorative
: mal, mis, pseudo
Degree or size
: over, super, ultra, arch, hyper, mini, out, sur, under
Attitude and orientation
: pro, anti, contra, counter
Locative
: super, sub, fore, inter, trans
Reversative
: un, dis, de
Time and order
: ex, pre, fore, post, re
Negative
: un, in (il, ir, im), dis, non, a(n)
Number
: mono, di, bi, tri, poly, multi, semi
Suffixation
adding a suffix to a root. Grammatical function
Suffixes that form adjectives
Nouns: ed, ish, like, ly, y
-Proof
-ic, -al, -ar: technical
-ful, -less
Adj: -ish
Verbs: able, able
Suffixes that form adverbs
: ly, wards, wise
Suffixes that form nouns
Verb: er/or, al, ion, ment, age, ant, ee, ing-
Adj: dom, -ity, ness
Nouns: hood, ship, let, -ster, -y.
Suffixes that form verbs
: en, ivy, ise/ize
Compounding
: putting two or more words together in order to get a third word. Hyphenated, written as one word or as different words
Adj compounds
: n/adj/adv+participle (
mouth watering, hand made
), n+adj (
homesick
), adj+adj (
deaf-mute, bittersweet
)
Verb compounds
: n+v (
baby-sit, pick-pocket
), v+v (
hearsay, make-believe
), adj/adv/prep+v (
deepfreze, downcast
)
Noun compounds
: n+v (
sunrise, headache
), n+n (
girlfriend, snowflake)
, adj+n (
blackboard
)
Other types: reduplicatives, creation of new words (prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, pronouns, numerals, indefinites)
Conversion
: assigning the base to a different word class without changing the form. Change in the syntactic function
Adj > vb
:
it's comic > a comic
Noun > vb
:
dry > to dry
Verb > noun
:
to walk > a walk