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Stress and the Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Alzheimer's Disease Increased levels of the amyloid precursor protein. Synapse loss, which leads to cognitive decline
        
        Parkinson's Disease-Loss of nigral neurons. Increase of Reactive Oxygen Species, that lead to neuronal death
        
        An experiment with cynomolgus monkeys that were divided into three groups based on how resilient they were to stress serves as an illustration of this link. In this study, mice that were more vulnerable to stress had decreased expression in a number of genes vital to the healthy operation of the serotonergic system.
      - Depression risk is elevated with a number of inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. For instance, people with diabetes are twice as likely to have depression as people with rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, who account for up to 70% of cases. Additionally, it has been shown that mice with depressed behaviors have an increased amount of monocytes in their blood, and that neutralizing this increase is sufficient to cause the sad behaviors to decrease.
- - - - According to other research, stress-related epigenetic alterations were discovered to be connected to a diagnosis of MDD in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene, human serotonin transporter gene, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene. Whether stress dysregulation results from depression or is a cause of it remains an open subject.This area of study is intriguing and engaging.
        
        It is pertinent to explore the serotonergic system's alterations in relation to mood and anxiety disorders, as well as sensitivity to stress. The link between different HPA axis components and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs—drugs frequently used to treat depression, which raise the extracellular levels of serotonin) has been the subject of several research.
        
        Some immune cells, including circulating granulocytes and monocytes, chemokines, and cytokines, can have a direct impact on the brain, affecting the neural networks implicated in depression. Inflammation does, in fact, play a significant role in MDD. Antidepressant medications and psychotherapy are therefore associated with a decreased inflammatory response. Antidepressants have been shown to both block and enhance the release of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
- - - - A number of immune system conditions are thought to increase the risk of AD. The immune system is dysregulated in people with AD, mostly due to the illness's inflammatory component, with a focus on IgA. Those with or without AD have displayed varying amounts of IgA.
- - - - There is a lot of evidence that the innate and adaptive immune systems play a part in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Adaptive immunity and microglia activation are in fact factors in the development of the illness, according to postmortem examination of the brains of PD patients. It is now understood that in the early stages of the illness, in response to -syn aggregation and toxicity, microglia are activated, playing a crucial role in clearing -syn aggregates and triggering a number of inflammatory responses.
- - - - Immune and stress responses are related. Interleukins, cytokines, and other hormones are a few of the actors that link the immune system with the stress response. This connection between these systems may be crucial to understanding the pathophysiology of a number of disorders, including AD.
        
        The relationship between stress and immune processes makes this a fascinating area of study and crucial for future research to get a better knowledge and, therefore, new medical advancements.
        
        More research is being done on neurological illnesses such the aforementioned AD, PD, and MDD. This in-depth research into these common diseases has increased understanding and, more importantly, the potential for improved outcomes and therapies for these ailments. Stress and immune issues, as well as how they interact and relate to neurotransmitters like serotonin, play a significant role in these disorders. As a result, they can serve as crucial targets for the creation of brand-new medications or upgrades to current ones. This field, which has become quite relevant nowadays, nevertheless needs a lot more study. Unquestionably, these research will contribute to a greater understanding of these illnesses and, more importantly, to patient quality of life.