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(Topics, Design, Ethics, Regulations, Consulting, Computational modelling)…

- - - - Metallic: strong and easy to sterilize by corrode and can have toxicity
      - Bioceramic: don't corrode, can be bioactive or inert and can sterilize but not easy to fabricate and properties compromised
      - Polymer: tailorable, can modify surface, biodegradable, easy to fabricate but can be toxic and wear down and hard to sterilixe
      - Bioinnert (not active ex metal) biofunctional (do role) bioactive (active ex drug)
      - Biomimetic (mimic) bioinstructive (control)
      - Biodegradable (breakdown by processes) bioerodible (dissolve away)
      - Can change surface such as with plasma so biointerface fits whatever want of above
    - - Growth factors (for cell growth and function
      - Promote vascularisation
      - Attract cells of interest
  - - - Without damage cardiovascular system (hypertension, coronary arterial disease etc)
      - Increased accident levels
      - Quality of life issues
      - Premature mortality
      - Metabolic dysfunction and obesity
      - Cognitive decline and dementia
    - - State
      - Periodic
      - Recurring
      - Suspension of consciousness
      - Relaxation and inactivity of muscles
      - Reduced responsiveness to external stimuli
      - Detox organs
    - - Circadian rhythm: 24 hour cycle by body clock and light controls alertness
      - Sleep-wake homeostasis: Timer since last sleep (sleep drive) longer awake more want to sleep, pressure dissipates with sleep
    - - N1: transition between wake and sleep (5%)
      - N2: light sleep (45%)
      - N3: deep sleep (25%)
      - REM: Dreaming (25%)
    - - Decrease length
      - Reduced sleep efficiency
      - Longer to go to sleep
      - More waking
      - Increase light sleep
      - Reduce SWS and REM
      - Random sleep patterns for newborns, babies more REM
    - - Insomnia: difficult going to sleep or maintaining
      - Obstructive sleep apnoea: (apnoea- cessation of airflow) (hypopnea- reduced airflow)
      - Both individual and societal imapcts
    - - Questions
      - Diary
      - Standardised questionnaire
      - Motion based
      - Overnight sleep study
      - ECG (heart), EEG (brain) EOG (eyes) EMG (muscles)
      - Oximetry (blood oxygen level)
      - Nasal pressure, airflow, snoring sound, abdomen movement
      - Diagnosis: home testing best
      - Therapy monitoring: at home best as can get more data
  - - - Transparent so can use optics
      - Interface with sensors
      - Biocompatible
    - - Test small amount reagant
      - micro reactor in a droplet
      - High throughput (lot results very quickly)
      - Easy flow manipulations (control flow rate and constant pressure). Laminar flow in parellel layers that don't mix, only through diffusion. Mix by bends so like folds and diffuse
    - - Silicon wafer, put resin on and spin so thin coat, use mask and put UV through so harden particular shape and get rid rest, put in PDMS agent that cure so channel imprinted and put class on top so tunnel
    - - Use immiscible liquids and control size by flow rate, can split with corners, can merge by slowing one droplet so next droplet combine and know when combine
      - Uses
        
        Track evolution of reaction
        
        Control conc in droplets and can control droplets so release selectively like release high conc in intestine but smaller in liver
        
        Cell encapsulation
        
        Cell sorting: can identify with laser the surface made charged based on something ex cell alive drug working, then sort them
        
        PCR control more
        
        Tissue engineering to make scaffold
        
        Organ on a chip
        
        Gut on a chip: mimic air on top and blood below control flow
        
        Test drugs
    - - Calculate blood presssure
      - Q=VA
      - Q1=Q2
    - - Neural
      - Blood
      - Air in lungs
      - Mucus
      - Sweat
  - - - PET: use isotopes that release positrons which annihilate to form 2 gamma rays that go opposite directions, detect both so know is somewhere along the line, 360 detector so can fully localise
      - SPECT: uses isotopes that release gamma rays and a rotating detector that has a collimeter that allows only rays for particular direction so can localise the sources
    - - Involuntary
        
        Breathing
        
        Heart
        
        Tremor
      - Voluntary
      - Create image artefacts which make clinical or research analysis worse
        
        Blurring: less contrast
        
        Ghosting: two images on top of each other
      - Factors
        
        Motion
        
        Rigid: move together like head or not like liver
        
        Degree
        
        Speed
        
        Randomness
        
        Duration
        
        Scanner
        
        Spatial resolution
        
        Temporal: how long is scan
        
        Tomography or planar
        
        Patient
      - Fix
        
        Stop
        
        Restrain
        
        Passive: head rest
        
        Forcible non-invasive: head frame
        
        Invasive: stereotactic frame
        
        Issues
        
        Cost
        
        Risk
        
        Can't prevent all motion
        
        Add factor to research
        
        Correct
        
        Exclude corrupted data (so if motion exceeds a threshold)
        
        Image registration (alignment)
        
        Use gating for periodic motion (collect data from same time period of motion (same gates))
        
        Event based compensation (PET) measure motion and align it
        
        Deconvolution (deblurr)
        
        Estimate motion and fix it in data
  - - - Gated channels
        
        Chemically: opens in response to a chemical (neuron cell bodies and dendrites
        
        Volatage: responds to transmembrane potential (axon, cardiac muscle)
        
        Mechanically: responds to membrane distortion (sensory receptors)
      - Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers released at presynaptic membrane, broken down by enzymes and reassembled at synaptic terminal
      - Nerve Impulse
        
        Neurotransmitter binds which causes Na, Ca in to open K out (along conc gradients), so depolarises (more positive)
        
        Polarisation collect at axon and if reach threshold (-55mV - -60mV) then voltage gated Na open
        
        Rapid depolarisation as Na rush in, goes down axon as more volatage gated go down as volatage changes down axon
        
        Once reach voltage (30mV) Na close and K opens so repolarisation can occur until hyperpolarixxed then goes back to normal levels
    - - Cortical (Compact bone): thickest down long part of bone and on outside, made of osteon layers (circles along longitudanal axiz) so really stong where pressure comes from
      - Cancellous (spngey) bone: honeycomb structure so can take pressure from any angle, in joints skull etc mainly
      - Cells
        
        Osteoclasts: secrete enzymes to break bone down
        
        Osteoblasts: synthesise bone
        
        Osteocytes: control others
    - - Fibrous joints: No movements (parts of skull)
      - Cartilaginous joints: Slight movement (pelvis)
      - Synovial joints: Free movement (Shoulder)
    - - Muscle
        
        Made of fascicles
        
        Made of muscle fibres
        
        Made of myofibrils
        
        Surrounded by the endomysium
        
        Surrounded by perimysium
        
        Covered by the epimysium
  - - - Coat the surface with PEG to stop
    - - Small enough to enter cells and interact with organelles
      - Target/interact biomolecules by attaching proteins/enzymes on surface
      - Exploits nano-sized gap
    - - Therapeutics
        
        Targeted, controlled drug delivery
        
        Targeted cell killing
      - Diagnostics and imaging
        
        Biological imaging
        
        Sensing of biomolecules
      - In vivo cell culture with nanoparticles
      - In vivo administration
        
        Inhalation - lungs
        
        Skin
        
        Ingestion - oral, bloodstream
        
        Intravenous - bloodstream
        
        Intraperitoneal - abdominal cavity to bloodstream
        
        Intracoebroventricular - cebrospinal fluid, circulate CNS
    - - Passive- use gaps in blood vessels around particular tissue ex tumours or unintended around lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen
      - Active- attaching ligand molecule onto NP which attach to target receptor molecule ex target receptor on tumour or can target biomolecules
  - - - Studying this by pressure to red blood cells and see what release, sends out signals (trying to find if dif mechanosensing pathway, all ligand dependent, how differentiate forces and complex force)
        
        Found platelet have ion channel use for pressure sensing, differentiate forces
        
        Try to make medications consider force so don't get bleeding side effects
        
        Study effectiveness of effectors on targeting cancer, bind so acoustic waves so upward force and see strength of effector on cancer, larger affinity better
        
        vessel on a chip
- - - - Pin and control for each component want to control
- - - - Demonstrate integrity
      - Practice competently
      - Exercise leadership
      - Promote sustainability
- - - - Stethoscope
      - Bandage
      - Surgical mask
    - - Blood pressure cuff
      - Pregnancy test
      - Syringe
    - - Pacer
      - Ventilator
      - Defiberaltor
  - - - Description of process (key docs and poject management records)
      - Product docs, labels, manuals
      - Req and specs
      - Clinical eval
      - Risk analysis
      - Testing summary
    - - Specify device and manufacturing process
  - - - Product
        
        Verification of reqs
        
        Validation (reqs, testing, clinical trials, post market
        
        Design transfer from design team to production
- - - - As organic structures are complex geometries with irregular shapes, no symmetry, multiple parts and interfaces, different between individuals
      - By scanning get higher accuracy, capture material properties and enable patient-specific studies
      - Workflow
        
        Data aquisition
        
        Solid modelling
        
        Numerical analysis
        
        Inputs
        
        Geometry (anatomy and prothesis)
        
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        Material properties
        
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        Loads (forces and loads is subjected to other loads could be voltage)
        
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        Boundary conditions (Region of interest - what is happening at system boundary)
        
        Before used to have to heavily simplify system ex say hip is a sphere to describe forces on it with this can use fintie element method where approximate complex shape by breaking it down into independent blocks, and do the problem in relation to each block connected by nodes (depend on material properties) link the elements togehter to form global equilibrium equation impose constraints (loads, boundary conditions) solve equations simultaneously
        
        Replicate geometry
        
        First segment scan into different tissue types and parts
        
        Apply smoothing
        
        Create surface model
        
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        Scan
        
        Ultrasound use sound waves pulses and record echoes with transducer-piezoelectric crystals that change electircal signals to sound or other way
        
        Into DICOM file
        
        Use software eg simpleware or materialise
      - Examples
        
        Knee so can make individual solution that fits the knee, scan knee and do gait analysis to see force on knee and see how each solution helps
        
        Model deep brain stimuklation so get best placement
        
        Model blood flow for aneurism