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Evolution, Sympatric speciation occurs when a new species is formed…

- - - - Use and disuse
        
        Use and disuse referred to how body parts of organisms grow stronger with use and atrophy with disuse.
      - Inheritance of acquired characteristics
        
        Inheritance of acquired characteristics incorrectly described how things like muscle mass could be passed onto offspring.
      - Increase in Complexity
- - - - Multiplication of the species.
- - - - Stabilizing selection eliminates individuals with extreme or unusual traits.
    - - Directional selection favors traits at one extreme of the range of traits.
    - - Disruptive selection occurs when the environment favors extreme traits over common traits.
    - - Sexual selection is the selection of a mate based on a trait.
        
        In male competition the male that wins the contests of strength, agility, etc. mates with the female.
        
        In female choice the female mates with the male that she prefers based on certain characteristics.
    - - Artificial selection is a form of selection carried out by humans.
  - - - The founder effect is a type of genetic drift that occurs when the organisms in the founding group have different allele frequencies from the population they left. The resulting offspring will reflect the genetic makeup of the founders.
      - A population bottleneck is another type of genetic drift that occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size.
        
        This may lead to the removal of some alleles from the gene pool if all the carriers of that allele were wiped out.
      - Nonrandom mating occurs when individuals choose mates based on certain traits.
        
        Sexual selection is when females choose males based on their appearance or their competence in some other area. Nonrandom mating also occurs when individuals choose mates from only nearby individuals.
        
        Inbreeding is when individuals mate with relatives.
  - - - Sexual Selection
        
        Sexual selection is when females choose males based on their appearance or their competence in some other area. Nonrandom mating also occurs when individuals choose mates from only nearby individuals.
      - Inbreeding
        
        Inbreeding is when individuals mate with relatives.
- - - - Examples include:
        
        tetrapods, which are animals with four limbs.
        
        the origin of mammals and the radiation of flowering plants.
  - - - Examples include:
        
        mosquitoes evolving resistance to DDT.
        
        whiteflies evolving resistance to pesticides.
        
        gonorrheal bacteria strains evolving resistance to penicillin
- - - - In heterozygote advantage, the heterozygote with both the dominant and the recessive allele has a better chance of survival than both the homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive varieties.
        
        Hybrid vigor
        
        Describes the superior quality of offspring between two inbred strains of plants.
- - - - It is an example of sympatric speciation that occurs when members of a population only interbreed with other members that share a certain allele (i.e. fur color). Eventually, the gene pool is altered to the point that a new species is formed.
    - - It is the possession of more than two sets of chromosomes and is common in plants.
    - - This occurs when members of two different species have offspring that become different species.
- - - - Habitat isolation occurs when the organisms do not encounter each other.
    - - Temporal isolation occurs when the organisms mate at different times of the day.
    - - Mechanical isolation occurs when the male and female genitalia are physically incompatible.
    - - Gametic isolation occurs when the male gametes cannot survive in the mating environment long enough to fertilize the female.
    - - Temporal isolation occurs when the organisms mate at different times of the day.
  - - - Hybrid inviability occurs when the zygote fails to develop properly and dies.
    - - Hybrid sterility occurs when resulting offspring are unable to reproduce as adults.
    - - Hybrid breakdown occurs when the hybrids produce offspring that have limited reproductive capacity.
- - - - Homologous structures in the forelimbs of various vertebrates support the concept of a common ancestor.
    - - Analogous structures in organisms that live in similar environments (like fins whales and fish) support the concept that the environment affects the development of organisms.