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Eukaryotic Gene Expression - Coggle Diagram
Eukaryotic Gene Expression
in the cytoplasm
mRNA degradation
each mRNA has a characteristic life span, determined in part by sequences in the 5' & 3' UTRs
translation
protein processing and degradation are subject to regulation
initiation of translation can be controlled via regulation of initiation factor
protein process produces active protein
degradation of protein
transport to cellular destination and results in cellular function (ex: enzymatic activity)
regulation of chromatin structure
histone modification
adding things to histones can increase/decrease transcription
acetylation: promotes transcription
methylation: prevents/decreases transcription
can also occur in DNA at cytosine
phosphorylation: promotes transcription
x-inactivation (extreme condensing of x chromosome) (methylation)
differential gene expression
genome is identical but gene expression depends on cell function
controlled by transcription factors
control points are upstream
can result in turning genes on/off/accelerate/slow expression
in the nucleus
transcription
RNA processing
leads to mRNA degradation and translation
Bending of DNA enables activators to contact proteins at the promoter, initiating transcription
DNA controls elements in enhancers bind specific TF's
histone acetylation loosens chromatin structure, enhancing transcription
genes in highly compacted chromatin generally not transcribed
DNA methylation generally reduces transcription
noncoding mRNAs
(ex: miRNAs and siRNAs) can cause degradation of mRNAs or block translation
microRNAs (miRNA): small, single-stranded RNA molecules capable of binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs): one of multiple small, single-stranded RNA molecules generated by cellular machinery from a long, linear, double-stranded RNA molecule
associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence