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Collapse of control in Eastern Europe - Coggle Diagram
Collapse of control in Eastern Europe
CHANGING ATTITUDE TOWARDS EASTERN EUROPE
March 1985,
Warsaw Pact countries me Gorbachev who explained that the USSR would no longer protect and fund the governments
December 1988,
Gorbachev announced that Russia’s communist ideology should play a smaller role in foreign affairs e.g. The USSR would no longer trade with Communist States over Capitalist States.
December 1988
, Gorbachev announced to the United Nations that the USSR would be withdrawing a significant part of its Soviet forces from Eastern Europe.
Gorbachev encouraged Eastern European states to embrace
glasnost and perestroika.
March 1989
, Gorbachev repeats Soviet troops will
not
intervene in politics of E. Europe
STATE OF EASTERN EUROPE
economic shortages
no toilet paper
no makeup
no lady toiletries
no meat
lack of development of Tabrant
Social shortages
no heating
corruption
The Trabant
Porduced between 19957 and 1990 during which period it hardly chaged!
2 Cyclinder motor
waiting list could be up to 10 years
PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN:1981-89
background
/
Détente or "relaxation of tension” characterised US Soviet relations in the late 60s and 70s.
BUT Eastern Europe, USSR’s harsh actions against popular protests (Poland).
1981- lead to aggressive foreign policy.
‘bad guys and good guys’
Anti-communist –tensions (e.g. where? )
Increased US defense budget A LOT
By $32.6 billion in his first 2 weeks!
Introduced new weapons – Star Wars(using satellites to take out or shoot down nuclear weapons and other satellites
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV:1985-1991
1985 new leader of USSR
Energised USSR's politics
Realist(economy,arms race and Afghanisistan
Idealist (communism)
Optimist (reform could work)
Gorbachev's policies
Glasnost(openness/freedom of choice):
Less state control of media: was an attempt to be more 'open' in dealing with west Germany. He encouraged people to be more honest when talking about politics and supported greater freedom. Communist politicians take cristism and look to make changes and stamp out corruption
Perestroika (restructuring):
was an attempt to modernise and 'rebuild' the Soviet state. He realised military spending had to be reduced and this meant ending the arms race with the USA. Government reports had informed him that more small businesses were needed if the economy was to survive. The policy therefore.
/
Allowing an increase in the production and trade in consumer goods.
Allowing foreign investment in Russian business
Allowing trade with non-eastern bloc countries
Reduced control over imports and exports
Allowed private ownership
End war in Afghanistan
Dialogue with USA
FALL OF EASTERN BLOC
Poland:1988
sees strikes throughout the country and by 1989 the communist government is defeated un a free election
Hungary:
Although in MAY 1989 Hungary opens its borders with Austria, the communist government is not defeated until early 1990
East Germany:
In SEPT 1989 thousands of East Germans escape through Hungary to West Germany and by NOV the Berlin wall com-es down.In 1991 Germany is reunited
Czechoslovakia:-
Following huge demonstrations from against communism,the government resigns in NOV 1989 and a non-communist becomes President in DEC.
Romania:-
(The most brutal government in Eastern Europe)Following huge demonstrations from DEC 1989 and a violent response from the secret police, democratic elections are eventually held in 1990
Bulgaria:-
Early 1990 democratic elections are held and the renamed communist party wins
End of Warsaw pact:-
The pact had united the communist states of Eastern Europe against the capitalist states in the West.
As the states rejected communism, the pact became null and void.
Military co-operation between Eastern European states ended early 1990
Formal dissolving of Warsaw Pact July 91
COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION
Gorbachev(new leader)
Didn't compete with USA
Didn't seek to dominate
Alienates hard line communist
Coup
new president Yeltsin
Gorbachev resigns = dissolves the USSR
ORDER
Gorbachev was widely
respected in the West
for his willingness
to reform and the fact
that his policies had led
to the break-up of
Eastern Europe.
Leading members of the
communist party believed
Gorbachev had severely
weakened communism.
They organised a coup on
19 August 1991 which
removed him from power.
Gorbachev was away from
the capital at the time
and was prevented from
returning. The new gvt
declared a state of
emergency and aimed to
restore the power of the
Soviet Union.
The new gvt
lasted 3 days.
Boris Yeltsin,
played a crucial
role in defeating
the coup. he
called upon the
people to resist
the new regime.
21 Aug Gorbachev
returned and resumed
his position as
Soviet leader, and
announced it was
his goal to save
communism. But the
coup had damaged
his authority.
Gorbachev’s final
attempt to save
the Soviet Union was
a new constitution
which gave Soviet
republics greater
independence.
However the leaders
of these countries did
not accept as they
wanted full
independence.
As a result,
Gorbachev officially
announced the
dissolution of the
Soviet Union and
his resignation as
President on 25
December 1991.
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