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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Bourbon restoation
began when the Bourbon dynasty returned to the throne
Alfonso XII was crowned king
he restored the monarchical system
some elements made the regime stable
Constitution of 1876
parliament
formed by an elected Congress and Senate
senate formed by three categories
by elected
by royal appointment
by right
suffrage
not regulated by the Constitution
the government decided the system that was used
In 1890 censitary suffrage was stablished
then also universal manhood suffrage was stablished
sovereignty
in hands of the parliament and the king
rights and freedoms
many rights were declared
but there were restrictions
assembly
association
freedom of expression
religion
Catholicism main religion
other religions were permitted, not in public
turnismo
a system introduced by Cánovas del Castillo
two main parties
the Conservative party
the Liberal party
they wanted to avoid military uprisings
the Conservative party
founded by Cánovas del Castillo
a group of moderate politicians
supported by
aristocracy
the wealthiest bourgeoisie
the traditional middle class
the Liberal party
founded by Sagasta
inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
supporters
members of the regionalist middle class
members of the progressive middle class
THE REGENCY OF MARIA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL PARTY
Alfonso XII died of tuberculosis
María Cristina became regent
She was pregnant with the future king, Alfonso XIII
during her regency there were signs of crisis
regional problems
many political movements emerged
they were dissatisfied with the uniform centralism
proposals for descentralisation were linked to some cultural movements
Catalan and Basque nationalist movements stated proposals
Basque nationalism
Sabino Arana founded the Basque Nationalist party
Basque nationalism had no Spanish dimension
Basque nationalists wanted Basque national sovereignty
Catalan nationalism
in 1877 the first newspaper in Catalan was published
in 1901 the Regional League of Cataluña was founded
Catalan nationalists wanted Cataluña to be recognised as a nation
They wanted Cataluña to play an active role in Spanish politics
colonial problems
end of the 19th century
Cuba made demands for political and commercial autonomy
Cuban wars
were between the Cuban independence fighters
dates
1868-1878
1895-1898
United States and Spain didn't want Cuba's independence
there were also uprisings in the Philippines
United States' intervention
they intervened between Cuba and Spain's war in 1898
the Treaty of Paris was signed
Spain lost the war and had to cede to American's
Cuba
the Philippines
Puerto Rico
Guam
a year later the German-Spanish treaty was signed
Spain ceded Marina Islands, Carolina Islands and Palau
the disaster of 1989
triggered a national crisis
Spain's colonial losses affected Spain's moral
more than 80,000 people died
Spanish government parties lost credibility
problems of popular representation
universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890
there was still electoral fraud
many citizens were not represented at the parliament
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
caciquismo
Developed in rural Spain in 19th century
Caciques were large landowners
they had
economic power
large social influence
they controlled employment contracts, municipal jobs
armed followers
they rigged elections through turismo
financial changes
for the economy to grow
banks and credit institutions were required
in 1965 the Banco de España was founded
many credit associations were established
were founded using foreign capital
large investments were made
industry
the railway network
spain needed foreign capital
their own capital wasn't enough
Government spending increased due to the Carlist wars
the biggest problem was the low tax collection
the tax system was unfair, penalizing the poor
demographic changes and economic repercussions
Spain's population grew less than other European countries
the limited growth was the result of continued high birth rates
life expectancy was very low, 35 years in 1900
the labour movement
the Constitution of 1869
allowed the labour movement to develop
In 1873 The Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Associations was created
more than 30,000 members in Cataluña
spanish socialist workers Party (PSOE)
marxist party
founded in Madrid
printer Pablo Iglesias founded it in 1879
