SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES

AQUEOUS PEOCESSES

GLACIAL PROCESSES

GRAVITATIONAL PROCESSES

Sedimentation from Traction Currents

Grain Flows

Fluidized Flows

Debris Flow

Sedimentation by unidirectional traction currents is one of the most important processes for the transport and deposit of sediments. This is explained as the variation of the shape of the bed as the velocity of the fluid increases, through the Froude number, making it easy to identify it by the way in which the tissue and structure of the sediments are deposited; These traction currents can be generated by the effect of gravity (rivers), by the wind or by the forces of the tides. This process has been explained through essays, where it begins with a channel at rest. The sand on the channel floor is flat, the current velocity is zero. The water is allowed to move through the channel at a gradually increasing velocity. Sand grains begin to roll and jump when the critical velocity threshold is crossed.

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The concept of the grain flow was expounded by Bagnold (1954, 1966). Grain flows are liquefied cohesionless particle flows in which the intergranular friction between sand grains is reduced by their continuous agitation. This is believed by some to be nonturbu-lent and to involve considerable horizontal shearing (Lowe, 1976; Middleton and Hamp-ton, 1976). Grain flows have been observed in modern submarine channels.

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Fluidization of a sand bed occurs when the upward drag exerted by moving pore fluid exceeds the effective weight of the grains. When this upward movement exceeds the minimum fluidization velocity, the bed expands rapidly, porosity increases, and the bed becomes liquefied and fluid supported, rather than grain supported

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Sedimentation from High-Density Turbidity Currents

A significant percentage of the world's sedimentary cover is deposited by turbidity currents, the behavior of a turbid flow is governed by the difference in density between it and the ambient fluid, by the shear stresses of its upper and lower limit, by its height and the angle of slope through which it flows.
urbidity currents operate in very diverse sedimentary contexts, but they are particularly effective in submarine canyons and constitute the most important mechanism for mobilizing and transferring sediment from shallow marine areas (shelfs) to deeper marine ones (ocean basins). ver time, the test of these types of currents have been tested in laboratories, since they are very difficult to experiment in the natural environment, from these experiments it is known that they show a characteristic geometry as they move, a part frontal or “head”, where the coarse sediment (from microconglomerate to coarse sand) is concentrated; an intermediate part or "body", the sediment that is dragged is medium-fine grain sand and a distal part or "tail", where clay silt is found. The flow of detail in the head is forward and upward, which initially causes strong erosion on the top of the bed on which they travel. In the body and tail the flow is parallel to the slope. This type of currents sediments turbidite sands, these are generally thick sequences of sandstones and periodic intercalated shale, in which a series of sections or "intervals" are differentiated. t is what is known as the “Bouma sequence”, since said author was the first to describe it in 1962. These intervals, from the wall (base) to the top of the turbiditic layer are the following: • Interval A: massive or granuloclassified (direct granuloclassification; with a decrease in the grain size of the sediment towards the top) (from microconglomerate to coarse sand). • Interval B: with parallel lamination (in coarse to medium sand). • Interval C: with “ripples” (current ripples) (in medium to fine/very fine sand). • Interval D: with parallel lamination (in silt/clay).
• Interval E: non-turbiditic (with diverse lithology; marl, silt/clay,
fine-grained limestone, etc.). As each interval is deposited, the energy in the fluid is lost, that is, the minerals in the E interval deposit with very little energy.

EOLIAN PROCESSES

Sedimentation from Low-Density Turbidity Currents

In low-density turbidity currents, the main mechanism is suspension drop, with traction from the subordinate bed load and the development of typical normal-graded layers.

Ice itself transports and deposits one rock type only, termed diamictite (Flint et al.,1960). This is a poorly sorted sediment from boulders down to clay grade. Much of the clay material is composed of diverse minerals, but largely silica, formed by glacial pul-verization. Clay minerals are a minor constituent. The boulders show a wide size range,are often angular, and sometimes grooved where ice has caused the sharp corner of one boulder to scratch across a neighbor. Statistical analysis of the orientation of the larger particles shows that their long axes parallel the direction of ice movement (e.g., Andrewsand Smith, 1970). Glacial diamictites tend to occur as laterally extensive sheets, seldom more than a few meters thick. They overlie glacially striated surfaces and have hum-mocky upper surfaces.They also occur interbedded with the periglacial de-posits just listed. Several types of sedimentary deposit are associated with glaciation (Denoux, 1994; Miller, 1996; Bennett and Glaisner, 1996; Hooke, 1998). These include loess (just de-scribed), varved clays, and the sand and gravels of fluvioglacial outwash plains. These deposits, though associated with glaciation, are actually eolian, aqueous suspension and traction current deposits, respectively.

Eolian Sedimentation from Traction Carpets

Wind fluids tend to have a very similar glide to that of fluids, these particles move by rolling or jumping and therefore their bed shape is also similar. These carry the particles in suspension (cloud of dust). Threshold studies describe wind fluids as currents that carry low-density particles such as silts and clays. Although they have shapes similar to fluids, dunes are the most common type of this type of fluid, many studies have tried to understand the factors that control the morphology of wind dunes and their elusive internal structure. Special attention has been paid to the geometry and genesis of sand dunes, in order to better describe how these fluids were deposited. Four main morphological types can be defined: 1. Barchan dune (Form where sand is scarce. These are forms of bed transport, not net deposition. It is unlikely that they are often preserved in the geologic record). 2. Duna estrellada. 3. Dune seif (sand deposit)

Eolian Sedimentation from Suspension

Debris Flow

A debris flow is defined as a "highly-concentrated non-Newtonian sediment dispersion of low yield strength" (Stow et al., 1996). This includes mud flows, though not all debris flows are muddy. Debris flows occur in a wide range of environments, ranging from deserts to continental slopes (Coussot and Meunier, 1996). In the former situation tor-rential rainfall is generally required to initiate movement; in the latter, earthquakes,tide, or storm surges are required. In all situations a slope is a necessary prerequisite

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Wind deposition occurs when the wind does not have enough energy to transport sand and other particles and deposits them.
The most characteristic sedimentary form of wind modeling are the wavy accumulations of sand grains of different sizes, such as ripples (up to 20 cm high), dunes or megadunes. Desert dune fields can occupy large areas, although loess, accumulations of fine materials (silts and clayey silts) can travel much further when transported in suspension.

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