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Elizabeth 1: 1558-1603 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Who rules Spain?
        
        Philip II rules Spain, NL, parts of Italy and Spanish land in the New World.
        
        Spanish population 33% larger than England
        
        Had silver mines in Mexico and Peru.
        
        Spain worried French control of Scotland and England could threaten routes to NL. Philip preferred heretic on throne than French 'puppet' (MQoS)
        
        1558 proposes to E1. Persuades Pope to delay excommunicating her.
        
        1559 Cateau-Cambresis - France and Spain at peace. E1 threatened.
      - Victory for Alva in the NL: Deep water harbours on Dutch coast and easterly winds made England easy target for Spanish invasion force. 1568: Alva defeated Dutch rebels, led by William, Prince of Orange. E no means to challenge Alva, reluctant to send support. Policy of harassment. Encouraged seamen to disrupt Spanish plans in New World.
        
        Treachery at San Juan de Ulua: Hawkin's voyages, tried to break Spanish trading monopoly in US. French attack.
        
        Cecil grabs Spanish bullion: Nov 1568, Spanish bullion ships refuge in English ports. Bullion loan provided by Genoese bankers, Cecil convinced E that money property of bankers. Possible that Queen decided to take over loan herself. Spain's response more severe than anticipated, Cecil under intense criticism.
        
        Trade Embargo: Response to Genoese loan. Alva seizes Eng ships and property in NL, Philip same in Spain. Total embargo.
        
        Spain backs Ridolfi: 1568 -1572, E and P look for trouble. Philip authorises Alva to send aid to Catholics in North of Eng, changed mind before despite E's excommunication 1570. Spanish support 1571 Ridolfi plot. E doesn't prevent piratical attacks on Spanish ships, pursues marriage alliance w/ French Duke of Anjou. 1572: Treaty of Blois, France and Eng promise to help other.
        
        Expulsion of Sea Beggars: End of 1572: P and E settle differences. Trade restored in Convention of Nymegen in 1573, E withdrew support for pirates 1574 Treaty of Bristol. Reconciliation dashed by events in NL. Dutch Prots sheltered in English ports. Considered at war with P, attacked Spanish ships in Channel. On return to NL, captured Brill, and Revolt of the NL begins. Calls for E to aid Dutch rebels to prevent Spanish conquest and centralisation of NL. E refused. French gov sent army under Huguenot Coligny to southern NL to support rebels E did send volunteers under Gilbert to prevent Flushing from falling to French, but careful to maintain relations with French court even after Massacre of St Bartholomew. Alva crushed revolt.
    - - Traditional enemy. Population 25% larger than England.
        
        Support claim of MQoS due to French blood and marriage to the dauphin.
        
        1559 Cateau-Cambresis, confirms loss of Calais from England. France dominates southern Channel.
        
        Francis II becomes King of France 1559. Puppet in hands of Guise brothers, who aimed to ensure that Mary gained power in Scotland, and encouraged her to claim the English throne.
    - - Charles V abdicated 1555 due to deteriorating health.
        
        He was reluctant, knowing Prot threat in Germany.
        
        He handed the running of the HRE over to Ferdinand in 1554, and in Oct 1555 in the Hall of the Golden Fleece in Brussles, he resigned the NL to Philip.
        
        Charles hoped that Philip would rule his whole empire, but it was too big to manage. Ferdinand and Maximilian refused to accept Philip's succession and the Habsburg dynasty split into Austrian and Spanish branches.
    - - Who ruled Scotland at the beginning of E's reign?
        
        1558, Marie of Guise on behalf of Mary Stuart.
        
        1559, Scottish Prot 'Lords of the Congregation' rebel against Marie of Guise who was regent of Scotland.
        
        England support Prot rebels. - Reinforcements sent from France.
        
        1559, group of Prot lords depose Mary of Guise. Welcomed by English Gov, pleased to see hostile neighbour become friendly, but unlikely that wrench would leave situation unchallenged.
        
        Cecil persuaded E to send financial aid to rebels to prevent French prominence.
        
        E agreed to send aid ( money, then naval and military) to Scotland, after Cecil threatens resignation.
        
        Aid confirmed by Treaty of Berwick 1560.
        
        Cecil's motives arose from fear of Catholicism and French links with Scotland, but were also consistent with the Tudor priority of securing England's borders.
        
        Still open to interpretation whether move was defensive or agggressive.
        
        Cecil's policy towards Scotland was a huge success.
        
        Treaty of Edinburgh 1560, French agree withdrawal from Scotland, leaving only token force, and a new Prot Gov was est under James Stuart, the half brother of MQS.
  - - - E's attitude to NL attracted criticism from English Prots.
        
        Charles Wilson argues E lost opportunity to exploit advantages in long term interests as direct military intervention would have led to friendly Prot Dutch Republic
        
        Many Englishmen felt moral obligation to support fellow Prots. Failure to do so would lead to extension of Catholicism in Europe.
        
        E unmoved - thought Habsburg-Valois wars would work to her advantage.
        
        E disliked war, worried of spending, distrusted rebels.
        
        Treaty of Joinville MAJOR 1584, Philip supporting Catholic League public. E continued to hope King of France would contain Spanish aggression.
        
        1580s, Europe changed.
        
        England's small role in NL did not stop Philip II seeing England as main obstacle preventing Spanish control.
        
        After death of William of Orange, French made it obvious they would not intervene to help rebels. Forced E's hand, because rebels unable to withstand Spain.
        
        1585, E's objectives still limited. Did not want to accept sovereignty in NL, offered by Estates General, decided to intervene because failure to do so would lead to Spanish conquest of NL, and councillors convinced this would be followed by invasion of England.
    - - E's decision 1578:
        
        E's opinion - No!
        
        Would be seen as hostile by Spain.
        
        Rebels doing good job.
        
        If Spain defeated, France might attack.
        
        Intervention expensive.
        
        Leicester's (Dudley) opinion - Yes!
        
        Support would encourage Dutch to rally under William of Orange.
        
        Intervention would show England's solidarity with other Prot states.
        
        Spanish army not making headway in NL. Golden opportunity.
        
        France is England's ally.
      - E's decision 1584:
        
        E's opinion - No!
        
        Intervention would strengthen Spanish support for Catholic League.
        
        Cost huge
        
        Spain restored influence over S. Netherlands. Rebels victory in north would not change this.
        
        Rebels have manages for a ywar without strong leader.
        
        Walsingham's opinion - Yes!
        
        If rebels collapse, Spain with extend control along coast, can invade England.
        
        Defeat of Calvinist power would tip scales in favour of Catholic Europe and leave England isolated.
        
        Death of William, Prince of Orange, leaves rebels without effective leader. Only England can be replacement.
  - - - What caused the Spanish Armada?
        
        Often falsely thought MQS' execution was direct cause
        
        Military power of Spain and tensions with Eng had been growing since 1585.
        
        Treaty of Nonsuch - signed between E and Dutch rebels 1585.
        
        Parma successful in NL. E convinced action to be taken.
        
        E agreed to send 7,000 troops under Leicester to maintain rebellion. Public defiance of PII. Same time, sent fleet under Drake to raid Spanish ships across Caribbean.
        
        Dutch to hand over Brill and Flushing, and E became Protector of the NL. Flushing key to Antwerp, nearly taken by French.
        
        Unofficial start of the Anglo-Spanish war.
      - Main Theatres of War.
        
        Netherlands:
        
        1585: Treaty of Nonsuch
        
        E agrees to send 7,000 soldiers to rebels in NL. Leicester leads, accepts title 'Governor General', implying he aimed to replace Spanish sovereignty. Leicester wastes supplies and quarrels with officers and Estates-General.
        
        1586: English army stops Parma's advances, prevents capture of Doesburg and Flushing.
        
        1589: Harvest failures and Dutch naval blockade cause famine in Spanish army. After 1589: Spanish troops to France.
        
        1591: Dutch Captain-General Maurice of Nassau, helped by small number of English (8000), and large amounts of money scores victories over Spain.
        
        1594: Northern part of NL secured under Dutch, while south remains under Spanish control, buffer against French expansion.
        
        European waters:
        
        1587: Drake sails into Cadiz harbour and 'singes the King of Spain's beard', sinking 30 Spanish vessels and delaying the preparations for the Armada.
        
        1588: 130 Spanish ships carrying 17,000 men sail up the Channel to rendezvous with the Spanish army under Parma in the NL. The Armada is met by the English navy, which is only just superior to the PSnaish fleet and has quicker ships and longer-range guns. The Armada sails down the Channel and anchors off Calais having lost only 2 ships. During the night, the English use fire ships to scatter the Spanish fleet and defeats it the next day at the Battle of Gravelines. Many Spanish ships escape north but come to grief on the coasts of Ireland and Scotland. Less than 1/2 return to Spain.
        
        1589: Drake leads naval counter attack but there are arguments over resources and objectives from outset. E wants him to destroy the remnants of the Armada. Drake wants to help Don Antonio of Portugal regain the throne from PII. Drake disobeys orders and attempts an attack on Lisbon with Essex. Fails. Expedition failure.
        
        1596: A huge expedition launched against Spain. 17 naval ships and 47 war ships led by Essex, Charles Howard and Raleigh, sack Cadiz, capture Spanish treasure ship, costing PII 12 mill ducats.
        
        1598: Subsequent Spanish Armadas scattered by storms.
        
        The New World:
        
        1585: Drake is sent to attack Spanish shipping in the New World
        
        1586: Drake misses the Spanish silver fleets and although he sacks Santo Domingo and Cartagena the expedition loses $5000.
        
        1587: After attacking Cadiz, Drake moves on to the Azores where he captures a Portuguese ship (San Felipe), returning home with £140,000.
        
        1592: The capture of the bullion ship Madre de Dios in the East Indies means a return of £80,000 on Elizabeth's initial outlay of £3000.
        
        1595: A joint attack is launched by Drake and Hawkins on the West Indies treasure fleet. Hawkins dies at sea and Drake is defeated by Spain's new defensive measures in Panama.
        
        France:
        
        1589: H3 murdered by Henry of Navarre. Navarre becomes H4 of France. Appeals to England for help against Catholic League, plunging France into civil war once more. Philip diverts from NL and E commits herself to jeeping Spanish out of France. Sends H4 loan of £20,000 and 4000 men under Willoughby. Parma's army arrive in Paris, and a second Spaish force arrives in Brittany, threatening England's Channel defences further.
        
        1591: Force under John Norris sent to Brittany.
        
        1592: Weakened by sickness and desertion, Norris' force is defeated by Spanish at Craon.
        
        1593: H4 converts to Catholicism.
        
        1594: Spaniards attempt to capture Brest. E sends expedition of 8 warships and 4000 men to push Spanish out of France.
        
        1598 Henry and Philip agree to peace, England now has French ally on throne who might act as check on Spanish for power.
      - Stats
        
        England
        
        Ships:
        
        200 total
        
        54 strong, light and fast battleships
        
        140 converted merchant ships
        
        Weapons:
        
        200 small cannons - could fire over long distances, quick to load
        
        Spain
        
        Ships:
        
        130 total
        
        64 battleships
        
        22 huge galleons
        
        45 converted merchant ships.
        
        Weapons:
        
        2,000 large cannon - could fire heavy cannon balls, but only over short distance and were slow to load.
      - Key commanders
        
        Spain
        
        Duke of Medina Sidonia:
        
        Extremely wealthy nobleman
        
        Chosen to lead after P's 1st choice died.
        
        Lacked self-confidence, turned down position
        
        Capable soldier, no experience of fighting at sea
        
        Showed little initiative, incompetence factor in Armada's failure.
        
        One of few to survive.
        
        Duke of Parma:
        
        Alexander Farnese
        
        Nephew of PII
        
        Gov of Spanish Netherlands 1578-92.
        
        In charge of stopping Prot revolt
        
        Expert military leader.
        
        Wanted to use large army to conquer Eng - Armada supposed to pick up his troops but poor communication prevented this.
        
        England
        
        Sir Francis Drake:
        
        Skilled military commander.
        
        Highly experienced.
        
        Lord Howard of Effingham:
        
        Skilled military commander.
        
        Little experience of fighting at sea
        
        Sir Martin Frobisher:
        
        Explorer/Privateer for Elizabeth
        
        Experienced naval career.
      - Why did the Spanish fail?
        
        Failure of Spanish leadership
        
        English naval superiority
        
        Weather
        
        Poor military tactics
        
        Luck
        
        Strength of English command
      - Was the Spanish Armada really a success?
        
        The defeat of the SA was a huge heroic event, with limited effect.
        
        Success not followed up and war continued for 10 years.
        
        Drake and others annoyed at failure to capture and make profit out of Spanish ships and criticised E's defence over offence.
        
        Eng sailors sidetracked by plunder
        
        Navy could defend, not win war.
        
        Events at sea less significant than those on land.